Liberty University BIOL
101 Study Guide Quiz 2 solutions answers right
Study
Guide: Quiz 2
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Quiz
Preparation Tasks:
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Your
Answers and Notes
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4
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Complexity II: Molecular Efficiency and Variety
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4.3
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Carbohydrates: Structure and Function
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List the 4 classes of
biomolecules and the class of monomers used as building blocks in the
polymers of each class.
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What 3 kinds of atoms does a
carbohydrate contain?
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Sugars
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What 2 characteristics of
sugars make them members of the class of “carbohydrates” ?
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Five
of the six carbon atoms in a ____________ molecule are typically found bonded together with an
oxygen atom in a ring structure.
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Name 2 general classes or kinds
of sugar molecules.
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Carbohydrate Polymers
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What is the function of
glycogen?
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4.4
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Lipids: Structure and Function
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Lipids are a class of molecules
defined by their ____________ in water.
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Other than for cooking French
fries, list 3 biological functions of lipid molecules of various sorts.
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The Wonderfully Functional Fat Molecule
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The structure of a fat molecule
(a polymer) consists of what 3 monomers covalently bonded to a glycerol
molecule?
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Unsaturated fats have a higher
number of ____________ ____________ between carbon atoms in their structures.
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Animal fats tend to
be ____________ with hydrogen atoms.
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The Amazing Phospholipid
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In a phospholipid, what are the
3 (monomeric) parts that are attached to the glycerol molecule?
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A phospholipid is a large
polymeric molecule that is ____________ over most of its structure but very ____________
at one end.
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What is the functional role of
phospholipids in cells?
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Mighty Testosterone
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The structure of testosterone: four
rings of ____________ atoms bonded together with ____________ atoms around
the edges.
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List 4 functional roles of the
hormone testosterone in the human male.
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4.5
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Proteins: Structure and Function
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A Glorious Structure Supports Myriads of Functions
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What 4 structural groups
surround the central carbon atom of an amino acid?
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Polymers of amino acids that
are linked in linear chains and that contain atoms of nitrogen are called ____________.
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Crossing Biomolecular Class Lines
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Glycoproteins are molecules
that are partially simple ____________ and partially ____________.
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4.7
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Nucleic Acids: Structure and Function
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Nucleotides: The Monomers
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A nucleotide monomer could best
be described as a five-carbon ____________ that is
bonded to a nitrogen-containing ____________ and to either one, two or three ____________
groups.
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The Polymers: DNA and RNA
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List the 4 kinds of
nitrogen-containing bases found in DNA molecules.
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Which base is used in RNA but
not DNA?
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State the function of the
sequence of bases in a long, polymeric DNA molecule.
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Structurally, the monomers of
RNA contain the sugar ____________ and the nitrogenous bases ____________, ____________,
____________, and ____________.
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What polymer enables the cell’s
information to flow from DNA out into the cell cytoplasm in a more expressible
form?
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5
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Complexity III: The Glory of the Cell
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5.1
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What Is a Cell?
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Why is it impossible to write a
brief dictionary definition of life?
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Definition
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Criticize the text’s definition
of a cell. What is a major difficulty with this definition?
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Cell Theory
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List the 3 parts or elements of
cell theory.
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Generalizations: At Once Brilliant and Naïve
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How do slime molds violate the
first element of cell theory?
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Cells are small because the ____________
rate of molecules will not support life over greater distances.
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5.2
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Living Cells Are Complex
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What structure do prokaryotic
cells always lack?
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A major portion of prokaryotic
cells go by the common name ____________.
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Generally speaking, prokaryotic
cells are ____________ and ____________ than eukaryotic cells.
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Bacteria are typically very
small, yet even the largest bacterium is still only a prokaryote. Why?
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Prokaryotic Intricacies
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Describe 2 possible
arrangements for membranes and wall in the boundary around a prokaryotic
cell.
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List 2 possible functions of
the second outer membrane in some prokaryotic cells.
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A prokaryotic cell is protected
against osmotic swelling and rupture by its ____________.
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Some bacteria always live in
surroundings with the same concentration of dissolved substances as in their
own cytoplasm. What structure do these bacteria not need?
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List the names and roles of 5
specific classes of proteins found bound within a prokaryotic cell membrane.
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List 2 broad classes of
biomolecules found within the nucleoid of a prokaryotic organism.
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Describe a microcompartment and
state where they are found.
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____________ house enzymes that
trap carbon dioxide and bind it to larger substrate molecules.
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Prokaryotic Organization
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In order for the unwanted
bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes to
adhere to your throat cells, attachment to your cells must be made. This is
done using new proteins called ____________ and new cell structures called ____________.
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Why is it difficult for human
macrophages to detect and destroy strep cells?
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The streptococcal cell
structure that does the most direct damage to the human body is ____________
protein.
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Eukaryotic Intricacies
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An important function of the
eukaryotic cell ____________ is to maintain the high level of orderliness
found within the cell.
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The cell’s DNA, plus its
scaffolding, are referred to as ____________. It contains the cell’s archive
of ____________.
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What do you call discrete,
visible lengths of DNA sequence found in human cell nuclei?
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What important activity occurs
in the cell’s nucleolus?
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Eukaryotic cells heavily
responsible for making proteins have their ribosomes arranged within a
network of channels known as the ____________ ____________.
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What cell organelles have
ribosomes in their membranes? (Ribosomes do protein synthesis.)
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What is the role of the Golgi
complex within the cell cytoplasm?
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Which cell organelle would be
useful in a cell that takes in and destroys viruses?
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Describe how a lysosome is
formed.
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____________ are little
molecular machines (eukaryotic cell structures) that move vesicles and
organelles throughout the cytoplasm of the cell.
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____________ and ____________
are structures that walk along microtubules in the eukaryotic cell, carrying
vesicles from place to place.
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A eukaryotic cell that needs to
have a lot of ATP energy would have a lot of what kind of organelle?
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What is the functional role of
chloroplasts within plant cells?
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In a eukaryotic cell, the
reactions of ____________ convert energy into the form of ATP within a
structure called the ____________.
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Eukaryotic Organization
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Ribosomes in an acinar cell
generate the amino acid sequence of the digestive enzyme ____________.
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Within
an acinar cell, the enzyme amylase reaches its final form within the ____________.
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When
the enzyme amylase from the pancreas is finally ready for use, where, within
the cells, is it stored?
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What
stimulates the release of the enzyme amylase into the pancreatic duct so that
it can break down starches?
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The
small intestine signals the ____________ cell that food (starch) is present;
the signal is a ____________ that binds to ____________ on the cell.
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What
is the immediate effect of the binding of acetylcholine to an acinar cell
surface receptor protein?
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