Liberty University PSYC 101 quiz 12 solutions answers for sure

Liberty University PSYC 101 quiz 12 solutions answers for sure

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Chapter 12

Question 1 Which subfield of psychology is concerned with how a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by interactions with others?

Question 2 Attitudes may be described as comprising which components?

Question 3 The tendency for people to reduce their efforts when working as part of a group is called

Question 4 The “cover story” in the famous obedience research presented in the text was that the researcher was investigating

Question 5 Research on attraction suggests that you will be most attracted to someone who is

Question 6 Discrimination represents which attitudinal component of prejudice?

Question 7 Dr. Vanchella suspects that one of her college students does not have any money for food. She arranges for money to be put on the student’s meal card without telling the student. Which term best describes Vanchella’s motive?

Question 8 In groupthink, group members emphasize ______ over thoughtful consideration of the issues.

Question 9 A salesperson used a persuasive technique that was not based on the principle of compliance. Which technique was used?

Question 10 All but which of the following is identified in the text as a factor influencing conformity?

Question 11 Which of the following individuals is making the fundamental attribution error?

Question 12 Recent research on the actor­observer effect suggests that

Question 13 In the elaboration likelihood model, peripheral is to ______ as central is to ______.

Question 14 People with a high need for consistency are more likely to be susceptible to which compliance technique?

Question 15 Compared to people from collectivist cultures, people from individualistic cultures are

Question 16 Angela believes that people from Stovenia are basically dishonest. Angela is demonstrating

Question 17 The self­defense explanation of a crime essentially involves convincing the jury to make what sort of attribution about the defendant’s actions?

Question 18 Jamal is asked to describe himself. Which of Jamal’s statements represents his social identity?

Question 19 JoAnne goes to the local electronics store to purchase a $30 DVD player that was advertised in the paper. Upon arriving, the salesperson tells her that they have just run out and offers to show JoAnne some other models. JoAnne ends up purchasing a $150 DVD player. JoAnne has been the victim of which technique of persuasion?

Question 20 A social psychological explanation of the poor decisions of President Kennedy’s administration in the Bay of Pigs incident is best described by which principle?

Question 1 Making friends with neighbors supports which influence on attraction?

Question 2 In attribution theory, dispositional attributions are ______ and situational attributions are _____.

Question 3 Jamal is asked to describe himself. Which of Jamal’s statements represents his social identity?

Question 4 In groupthink, group members emphasize ______ over thoughtful consideration of the issues.

Question 5 Recent research on the actor­observer effect suggests that

Question 6 Jahrul’s instructor was very rude the first day of class. Jahrul assumed the instructor was a rude woman. He did not know that she had woken up late, had a car accident on the way to work, and had been locked out of her office. Jahrul is demonstrating

Question 7 The fundamental attribution error, which helps explain how cognitive biases affect attributions, involves

Question 8 Regarding Milgram’s research on obedience, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Question 9 Compared to people of higher intelligence, people of lower intelligence are generally

Question 10 Of the following smokers, which one is choosing the route of rationalization to deal with the dissonance between their smoking behavior and their belief that smoking is unhealthy?

Question 11 Janice leads a team of 20 employees. If Janice wants to reduce the chances of social loafing in her team, she should do all but which of the following?

Question 12 Regarding research on physical attractiveness, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Question 13 Willem is a skilled pianist. He has recently started playing the violin. When an audience is present, Willem probably

Question 14 Miguel is asked to describe himself. Which of Miguel’s statements represents his personal identity?

Question 15 From the perspective of the field of psychology, love is

Question 16 Which of the following is the best definition of social facilitation?

Question 17 Which recipient variables have an influence on persuasion?

Question 18 According to _______, people are more likely to carefully evaluate a persuasive message when their motivational state is high and when they have the ability or knowledge to evaluate the information.

Question 19 ______ is the process by which we come to form an understanding of our social environment.

Question 20 When Anne first met Jules, he had been suffering from insomnia and was a little shorttempered. Subsequently, when she was around Jules, she interpreted a lot of what he did as reflecting his hostile personality. This reflects the power of

Question 1 Recent research on the actor­observer effect suggests that

Question 2 ______ is the process by which we come to form an understanding of our social environment.

Question 3 Which of the following individuals is making the fundamental attribution error?

Question 4 In the elaboration likelihood model, peripheral is to ______ as central is to ______.

Question 5 Which of the following is the best definition of obedience?

Question 6 In persuasion, presenting both sides of an argument is

Question 7 First impressions tend to become lasting impressions in part because of the role of

Question 8 Regarding research evidence on aggression, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Question 9 The argument that “everyone’s doing it” may help explain why people obey immoral commands. This argument may be explained by the principle of

Question 10 Jamal is asked to describe himself. Which of Jamal’s statements represents his social identity?

Question 11 Which researcher(s) is/are associated with the study of bystander intervention?

Question 12 All of the following make attitudes more likely to influence behavior EXCEPT

Question 13 Of the following people with attitudes toward hybrid vehicles, which one best describes the behavioral component of attitudes?

Question 14 Regarding research evidence on aggression, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Question 15 Willem is a skilled pianist. He has recently started playing the violin. When an audience is present, Willem probably

Question 16 The tendency for people to reduce their efforts when working as part of a group is called

Question 17 In attribution theory, dispositional attributions are ______ and situational attributions are _____.

Question 18 Making friends with neighbors supports which influence on attraction?

Question 19 Discrimination represents which attitudinal component of prejudice?

Question 20 Which of the following statements regarding prejudice is FALSE?

Question 1 According to _______, people are more likely to carefully evaluate a persuasive message when their motivational state is high and when they have the ability or knowledge to evaluate the information.

Question 2 A researcher compares cross-­cultural differences in the fundamental attribution error by showing a film of someone stealing and then asking participants to explain why the person stole. Participants from East Asian cultures are most likely to make which attribution?

Question 3 The failure of witnesses to help Kitty Genovese when she was viciously attacked may have been due to the tendency to believe that others would act and so they wouldn’t need to. This explanation is based on the principle of _________.

Question 4 ______ play(s) a role in explaining why people obey immoral commands.

Question 5 Jahrul’s instructor was very rude the first day of class. Jahrul assumed the instructor was a rude woman. He did not know that she had woken up late, had a car accident on the way to work, and had been locked out of her office. Jahrul is demonstrating

Question 6 JoAnne goes to the local electronics store to purchase a $30 DVD player that was advertised in the paper. Upon arriving, the salesperson tells her that they have just run out and offers to show JoAnne some other models. JoAnne ends up purchasing a $150 DVD player. JoAnne has been the victim of which technique of persuasion?

Question 7 Personal identity is to ______ as social identity is to ______.

Question 8 According to the text, one of the most common ways to reduce cognitive dissonance is to

Question 9 When people explain their own behavior by making a situational attribution and the behavior of others by making a dispositional attribution it is called

Question 10 Contemporary theorists are least likely to choose which factor to explain human aggression?

Question 11 Regarding attributions, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Question 12 Discrimination represents which attitudinal component of prejudice?

Question 13 A salesperson used a persuasive technique that was not based on the principle of compliance. Which technique was used?

Question 14 People with a high need for consistency are more likely to be susceptible to which compliance technique?

Question 15 A person’s individual identity is best described as her/his

Question 16 A group of psychologists discuss the causes of aggression. Which psychologist speaks from a sociocultural perspective?

Question 17 The contact hypothesis suggests that prejudice

Question 18 Regarding attitudes, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Question 19 Regarding research evidence on aggression, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Question 20 Which researcher conducted an influential study on conformity?

Question 1 Results of attitude research with twins has revealed

Question 2 Other factors being equal, which person is likely to identify more strongly with their personal identity than their social identity?

Question 3 The triangular model of love is described by each of the following components the triangular theory of love EXCEPT

Question 4 Features of a communicator attempting to deliver a persuasive message are called

Question 5 When people explain their own behavior by making a situational attribution and the behavior of others by making a dispositional attribution it is called

Selected Answer: b. the actor­observer effect. Question 6 In order for intergroup contact to have a desirable effect on prejudice and intergroup tension, all but which of the following conditions are necessary?

Question 7 Regarding Milgram’s research on obedience, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Question 8 Angela believes that people from Stovenia are basically dishonest. Angela is demonstrating

Question 9 The contact hypothesis suggests that prejudice

Question 10 The relationship between attitudes and behavior is best described as

Question 11 What is the primary reason that people’s behaviors do not always match their attitudes?

Question 12 Which personality type has been found to be associated with the development of prejudice?

Question 13 Compared to people of higher intelligence, people of lower intelligence are generally

Question 14 Heika and Lucille were both passed over for a promotion at work. Heika is sure that the boss does not like him, but he believes that Lucille was passed over because she is really a poor worker. His attribution of the cause of the event can be explained in terms of

Question 15 Studies describing gender differences in conformity suggest that women are ______ men to conform

Question 16 People use a central route of processing information when

Question 17 First impressions tend to become lasting impressions in part because of the role of

Question 18 Regarding attitudes, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Question 19 Compared to a person from a collectivist culture, a person from an individualistic culture

Question 20 The self­defense explanation of a crime essentially involves convincing the jury to make what sort of attribution about the defendant’s actions?

Question 1 Edwin happens upon a crime in progress but does nothing to assist the victims or even summon the police. Later, he says he was afraid for his personal safety. This type of explanation, which may help explain the inaction of witnesses in the case of Kitty Genovese, is best described by the principle of _________.

Question 2 Dr. Longstocking is a research psychologist who studies attitudes, cognitive dissonance, and first impressions. Which type of psychologist is Dr. Longstocking?

Question 3 Carlotta has recently befriended Phyllis, who has been driving Carlotta’s children to day care. The new friendship is most likely based on

Question 4 Regarding research evidence on aggression, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Question 5 Miguel is asked to describe himself. Which of Miguel’s statements represents his personal identity?

Question 6 The tendency for people to reduce their efforts when working as part of a group is called

Question 7 The triangular model of love is described by each of the following components the triangular theory of love EXCEPT

Question 8 Which of the following definitions best describes out­group negativism?

Question 9 Frida is a CEO who must make an important decision regarding the future of her company. When Frida meets with her Board of Directors to discuss this decision, she should do all but which of the following?

Question 10 The tendency to adjust one’s behavior to actual or perceived social pressures is called

Question 11 Making friends with neighbors supports which influence on attraction?

Question 12 The contact hypothesis suggests that prejudice

Question 13 JoAnne goes to the local electronics store to purchase a $30 DVD player that was advertised in the paper. Upon arriving, the salesperson tells her that they have just run out and offers to show JoAnne some other models. JoAnne ends up purchasing a $150 DVD player. JoAnne has been the victim of which technique of persuasion?

Question 14 Jamal is in a situation where another person needs help. According to the bystander intervention model, Jamal’s first step will be

Question 15 Cognitive dissonance results when

Question 16 Regarding stereotypes, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Question 17 Which of the following statements regarding prejudice is FALSE?

Question 18 Asch is to ______ as Milgram is to ______.

Question 19 Willem is a skilled pianist. He has recently started playing the violin. When an audience is present, Willem probably

Question 20 Jamal is asked to describe himself. Which of Jamal’s statements represents his social identity?

Question 1 Which of the following is the best definition of social facilitation?

Question 2 Regarding influences on helping, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Question 3 The triangular model of love is described by each of the following components the triangular theory of love EXCEPT

Question 4 Paul and Joanna have a love relationship characterized by high levels of intimacy, passion, and commitment. Using the triangular model, their love would be described as

Question 5 Compared to people from collectivist cultures, people from individualistic cultures are

Question 6 In attitudes, _______ are to cognitions as _______ are to emotions.

Question 7 Making friends with neighbors supports which influence on attraction?

Question 8 Carlotta has recently befriended Phyllis, who has been driving Carlotta’s children to day care. The new friendship is most likely based on

Question 9 A popular diet company hires a physician to advertise their weight­loss program. Which source variable is the company trying to influence?

Question 10 All but which of the following are factors that influence the process of impression formation?

Question 11 Cognitive dissonance results when

Question 12 Which recipient variables have an influence on persuasion?

Question 13 Jamal is in a situation where another person needs help. According to the bystander intervention model, Jamal’s first step will be

Question 14 Which personality type has been found to be associated with the development of prejudice?

Question 15 From the perspective of the field of psychology, love is

Question 16 Christine does not like country music. This reflects which component of her attitude toward country music?

Question 17 People with a high need for consistency are more likely to be susceptible to which compliance technique?

Question 18 Willem is a skilled pianist. He has recently started playing the violin. When an audience is present, Willem probably

Question 19 Janice leads a team of 20 employees. If Janice wants to reduce the chances of social loafing in her team, she should do all but which of the following?

Question 20 Sven believes that his co­worker was promoted to manager because of her hard effort and winning personality. What type of attribution has Sven made?

Regarding stereotypes, which of the following statements is FALSE

Studies describing gender differences in conformity suggest that women are ______ men to conform

Willem is a skilled pianist. He has recently started playing the violin. When an audience is present, Willem probably

According to Sternberg, the strongest relationships can be described as those with

In attribution theory, dispositional attributions are ______ and situational attributions are _____.

In Sternberg’s model of love, the desire to maintain the relationship through good times and bad times is called

______ play(s) a role in explaining why people obey immoral commands

Mischa believes she did well on her English exam because she is very intelligent but that she failed her Chemistry exam because her instructor is not very good. We may explain her beliefs in terms of

When Anne first met Jules, he had been suffering from insomnia and was a little short-tempered. Subsequently, when she was around Jules, she interpreted a lot of what he did as reflecting his hostile personality. This reflects the power of

Which of the following definitions best describes out-group negativism

1. What do we call the process by which we come to form an understanding of our social environment?

a) Social psychology

b) Social perception

c) Self-fulfilling prophecy

d) Stereotyping

e) Impression formation

2. When Ron goes out on first dates, he acts the part of a strong, silent type, disclosing few details about himself. Consequently, his dates probably perceive him as being

a) insecure.

b) stuck up.

c) mature.

d) shy.

e) poorly adjusted.

3. Impression formation concerns

a) our efforts to make a good impression on someone.

b) the process by which people form opinions of others.

c) the tendency to give first impressions too much emphasis.

d) the tendency to ignore first impressions.

e) the expectation that someone will behave the way you predict.

4. When John and Mary go on their first date, John reveals extensive personal information to Mary. What is the most likely result of John's self-disclosure?

a) It will help their relationship become stronger.

b) It will lead Mary to form a negative first impression of John.

c) It will lead Mary to form a positive first impression.

d) It will help strengthen Mary's stereotype about men.

e) It will have no effect on Mary's opinion or on their relationship.

5. Compared to people from the West, people in East Asian societies are predicted to do which of the following?

a) Disclose less about themselves

b) Disclose more about themselves

c) Have high regard for people who disclose personal information

d) Ask very personal questions when first meeting someone

e) Hold negative impressions of people who do not disclose personal information

6. On their first date, Angelo told Robyn detailed stories of being physically abused by his parents. As a result, Robyn will most likely

a) feel very comfortable because of Angelo's honesty.

b) be flattered that Angelo confided in her.

c) want to know even more on the next date.

d) see Angelo as a sensitive and trustworthy individual.

e) feel that Angelo is insecure and poorly adjusted.

7. A mental image or representation that a person uses to understand his or her social environment is called a

a) situational attribution.

b) fundamental attribution error.

c) dispositional attribution.

d) social schema.

e) self-fulfilling prophecy.

8. When Anne first met Jules, he had been suffering from insomnia and was a little short-tempered. Subsequently, when she was around Jules, she interpreted a lot of what he did as reflecting his hostile personality. This reflects the power of

a) social schemas.

b) stereotyping.

c) discrimination.

d) cognitive dissonance.

e) self-fulfilling prophecies.

9. Stereotypes are

a) examples of deviant cognitive processing.

b) considered normal cognitive processing.

c) always inaccurate.

d) always negative.

e) always positive.

10. Angela believes that all older people are forgetful. Angela is demonstrating

a) a self-fulfilling prophecy.

b) the fundamental attribution error.

c) cognitive dissonance.

d) stereotyping.

e) a dispositional cause.

11. Randy believes that all people from Cropilia are aggressive. When he meets a Cropilian, he acts more aggressive himself. The Cropilian responds with aggressive behavior, which Randy takes as a confirmation of his belief in their aggressiveness. This best describes

a) cultural stereotyping.

b) a self-serving attribution.

c) the fundamental attribution error.

d) cognitive dissonance.

e) a self-fulfilling prophecy.

12. Stereotypes are best described as

a) inefficient and not necessarily accurate.

b) efficient and accurate.

c) inefficient and accurate.

d) efficient and not necessarily accurate.

e) negative and inefficient.

13. Europeans "justified" their colonial rule in Africa based on the stereotype that Blacks were

a) unable to govern themselves.

b) lazy.

c) dishonest.

d) aggressive.

e) undisciplined.

14. Explanations formed about causes of behavior or events are called

a) stereotypes.

b) attributions.

c) social schemas.

d) attitudes.

e) rationalizations.

15. Paul believes his mother yelled at him because she had a headache. Paul has made a(n)

a) attitude.

b) rationalization.

c) stereotype.

d) attribution.

e) schema.

16. Explaining behavior as the result of someone's internal factors, such as personality, is what type of attribution?

a) External

b) Situational

c) Contextual

d) Dispositional

e) Environmental

17. In attribution theory, dispositional attributions are ________ and situational attributions are ________.

a) accurate; inaccurate

b) efficient; inefficient

c) inefficient; efficient

d) external; internal

e) internal; external

18. A group of students discusses their grades on their first psychology exam. Which student, if any, is making a dispositional attribution?

a) Alana, who says, "I didn't do very well because there was a car alarm blaring every few minutes last night."

b) Glenn, who says, "I did well because the test was really easy."

c) Claire, who says, "The professor thinks I'm cute, so he graded my essays easy."

d) Donal, who says, "My lucky rabbit's foot worked!"

e) Rita, who says, "I aced this test because I took great notes in class."

19. Joylin assumes her husband kicked the dog because the dog had just bitten him. Joylin is making what sort of attribution?

a) Dispositional

b) Personal

c) Internal

d) Situational

e) Cognitive

20. The self-defense explanation of a crime essentially involves convincing the jury to make what sort of attribution about the defendant's actions?

a) Situational

b) Dispositional

c) Personal

d) Cognitive

e) Internal

21. Which of the following terms is most closely related to a dispositional attribution?

a) External

b) Environmental

c) Internal

d) Situational

e) Self-serving

22. Tony made a situational attribution when he said,

a) "I cut my finger because I've always been clumsy with knives."

b) "I lost my keys because I'm not organized."

c) "I missed my dental appointment because I didn't really want to go, so I conveniently forgot."

d) "I ran out of cash because I spent too much at the music store."

e) "I didn't finish my homework because there was a noisy party upstairs."

23. Which of the following statements is true about attributions?

a) The fundamental attribution error accounts for people's tendency to take credit for their successes by explaining away their failures.

b) The actor-observer effect is the tendency to attribute others' behavior to situational causes, while attributing our own behavior to personal reasons.

c) People are not prone to the fundamental attribution error when explaining their own behavior.

d) The self-serving bias is more widespread in collectivist cultures than in individualistic cultures.

e) In the fundamental attribution error, people overemphasize external causes when explaining others' behavior.

24. The fundamental attribution error involves

a) taking credit for your own good behavior.

b) taking the blame for your own bad behavior.

c) overemphasizing internal factors when explaining the behavior of others.

d) overemphasizing situational factors when explaining the behavior of others.

e) overemphasizing internal factors when explaining personal successes and situational factors when explaining personal failures.

25. Which of the following individuals is making the fundamental attribution error?

a) Alex, who failed his psychology test and passed his biology test and says that his psychology professor made an unfair test, and that he studied hard for the biology test

b) Bernard, who asks a girl in his class for a date, and she responds in a curt, rude manner and he says that she's stuck-up, but what he doesn't realize is that the girl's mother just died

c) Courtney and her friend, who just received grades for their first English composition, on which they both earned A's and Courtney says that she did well because the teacher likes her and her friend did well because she is a talented writer.

d) Dimitria, who, whenever she makes a sale, boasts about her sales skills, but when she fails to make one, she has an excuse for why it did not work out

e) Evaline, who tries to borrow Lynn's notes and when Lynn says "No," thinks, "She must have had a bad experience when someone else borrowed her notes."

26. Jahrul's instructor was very rude the first day of class. Jahrul assumed the instructor was a rude woman. He did not know that she had woken up late, had had a car accident on the way to work, and had been locked out of her office. Jahrul is demonstrating

a) the fundamental attribution error.

b) a self-serving bias.

c) cognitive dissonance.

d) the actor-observer effect.

e) the elaboration likelihood model.

27. Compared to people in collectivist cultures, people in individualistic cultures

a) are less prone to make the fundamental attribution error.

b) have a greater tendency to make situational attributions for the behavior of others.

c) are more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error.

d) emphasize external causes of behavior to explain the behavior of others.

e) rely little on dispositional causes in making attributions.

28. A researcher compares cross-cultural differences in the fundamental attribution error by showing a film of someone stealing and then asking participants to explain why the person stole. Participants from East Asian cultures are most likely to make which attribution?

a) The thief is too lazy to earn money to avoid having to steal.

b) The thief is not intelligent.

c) The thief was born evil.

d) The thief lacks morality.

e) The thief was raised in a family that condoned stealing when money was not available for basic needs.

29. Compared to someone from Japan, someone from Canada is

a) more likely to rely on situational attributions to explain the behavior of others.

b) more likely to make the fundamental attribution error.

c) less likely to make the fundamental attribution error.

d) more likely to rely on external attributions to explain the behavior of others.

e) less likely to rely on internal attributions to explain the behavior of others.

30. The actor-observer effect occurs when people explain

a) their own behavior by making a dispositional attribution.

b) the behavior of others by making a situational attribution.

c) their own behavior and the behavior of others by making a situational attribution.

d) their own behavior by making a situational attribution and the behavior of others by making a dispositional attribution.

e) their own behavior by making a dispositional attribution and the behavior of others by making a situational attribution.

31. When people explain their own behavior by making a situational attribution and the behavior of others by making a dispositional attribution it is called

a) stereotyping.

b) the fundamental attribution error.

c) a self-serving bias.

d) a self-fulfilling prophecy.

e) the actor-observer effect.

32. Heika was passed over for a promotion at work, as was his colleague Lucille. Heika is sure that the boss simply does not like him but that Lucille really is too poor a worker to merit a promotion. This is a case of

a) the fundamental attribution error.

b) the actor-observer effect.

c) a self-fulfilling prophecy.

d) cognitive dissonance.

e) stereotyping.

33. When people make dispositional attributions for their successes and make situational attributions for their failures, they are demonstrating

a) the fundamental attribution error.

b) the actor-observer effect.

c) a self-serving bias.

d) a self-fulfilling prophecy.

e) the elaboration likelihood model.

34. Mischa believes that she did well on her English exam because she is very intelligent but that she failed her chemistry exam because her instructor is not very good. She is demonstrating

a) the fundamental attribution error.

b) reciprocity.

c) a self-fulfilling prophecy.

d) the actor-observer effect.

e) a self-serving bias.

35. Compared to people from collectivist cultures, people from individualistic cultures are

a) less likely to make the fundamental attribution error.

b) more likely to make situational attributions when explaining the behavior of others.

c) less likely to show a self-serving bias.

d) more likely to show a self-serving bias.

e) more likely to attribute success to luck.

36. Which of the following statements is true regarding cross-cultural differences in cognitive biases?

a) People from individualistic cultures are more prone to make the fundamental attribution error and less prone to demonstrate a self-serving bias than are people from collectivist cultures.

b) People from collectivist cultures are more prone to make the fundamental attribution error and less prone to demonstrate a self-serving bias than are people from individualistic cultures.

c) People from individualistic cultures are less prone to make the fundamental attribution error and more prone to demonstrate a self-serving bias than are people from collectivist cultures.

d) People from collectivist cultures are less prone to make the fundamental attribution error and more prone to demonstrate a self-serving bias than are people from individualistic cultures.

e) People from individualistic cultures are more prone to demonstrate a self-serving bias and to the fundamental attribution error than are people from collectivist cultures.

37. Which of the following bolsters self-esteem?

a) The self-serving bias

b) The fundamental attribution error

c) The actor-observer effect

d) The matching hypothesis

e) The self-fulfilling prophecy

38. A judgment of either liking or disliking something or someone is a(n)

a) attitude.

b) attribution.

c) stereotype.

d) emotion.

e) bias.

39. Attitudes consist of which components?

a) Emotions, cognitions, and expectations

b) Emotions, behaviors, and cognitions

c) Cognitions, expectations, and behaviors

d) Cognitions, emotions, and expectations

e) Behaviors, expectations, and cognitions

40. The beliefs involved in an attitude are referred to as

a) emotions.

b) cognitions.

c) behaviors.

d) attributions.

e) dispositions.

41. "Ira has a bad attitude when it comes to Latin," the teacher told his father. "He comes into class and sits in the back reading comic books." The teacher was referring to which component of Ira's attitude?

a) Actual

b) Behavioral

c) Cognitive

d) Emotional

e) Practical

42. Of the following people with attitudes toward hybrid vehicles, which one demonstrates the behavioral component of attitudes?

a) Tony, who says, "Hybrid vehicles cost more than gas vehicles, so they don't save you any money."

b) Grant, who purchases a Toyota hybrid car with his graduation money

c) Jennifer, who gets angry every time she sees someone driving a big SUV

d) Carmella, who says, "I think the government should give bigger tax credits to people who purchase hybrid vehicles."

e) Paulie, who, after looking at a hybrid on a car lot, says, "It's nice, but I worry about its acceleration."

43. How much you like or dislike your psychology professor denotes the ________ component of your attitude toward her, whereas ________ denotes the behavioral component of your attitude.

a) cognitive; how much you look forward to class

b) emotional; what you belief to be her educational background

c) cognitive; your estimate of her expertise

d) emotional; whether or not you pay attention in class

e) cognitive; how much you volunteer in class

44. Christine does not like country music. This feeling reflects which component of her attitude toward country music?

a) Attributional

b) Cognitive

c) Emotional

d) Behavioral

e) Inclinational

45. Marcel protests in front of stores that sell animal furs. This reflects which component of his attitude toward animal furs?

a) Attributional

b) Schematic

c) Emotional

d) Cognitive

e) Behavioral

46. Mehmet thinks that if everybody were a vegetarian, the world would be better off. This reflects which component of Mehmet's attitude?

a) Behavioral

b) Emotional

c) Cognitive

d) Attributional

e) Schematic

47. Attitude research with twins reared apart has revealed

a) significant shared attitudes that cannot be explained by shared environments.

b) almost no similarities in attitudes.

c) similarities in attitudes that reflect shared environments.

d) completely identical attitudes.

e) that people inherit genes for particular attitudes.

48. Which of the following statements is true about the role of heredity in attitudes?

a) Genes play almost no role in developing attitudes.

b) Genes are directly responsible for developing attitudes.

c) Genes account for similarities in attitudes, but not for differences.

d) Genes contribute to factors such as intelligence and temperament that affect the development of attitudes.

e) Genes account for differences in attitudes, but not for similarities.

49. People's behaviors do not always match their attitudes because of

a) the fundamental attribution error.

b) the self-serving bias.

c) the actor-observer effect.

d) stereotyping.

e) situational constraints.

50. The relationship between attitudes and behavior is best described as

a) nearly perfect.

b) almost nonexistent.

c) modest.

d) unclear.

e) significant.

51. According to the _______, people are more likely to evaluate a persuasive message carefully when their motivational state is high and when they have the ability or knowledge to evaluate the information.

a) fundamental error of attribution

b) actor-observer discrepancy statement

c) elaboration likelihood model

d) dissonance theory of cognition

e) general adaptation syndrome

52. People are more likely to carefully evaluate a persuasive message when

a) it is consistent with what they already believe.

b) it goes against what they already believe.

c) it concerns something they are ignorant about.

d) they are distracted and the message is not particularly meaningful.

e) they are highly motivated and have the skills or knowledge to evaluate the message.

53. Gina took the peripheral route to persuasion when she

a) signed a petition against taking down an old building that she considers a classic.

b) bought a cell phone just because it was advertised by her favorite rock star.

c) agreed to volunteer and work as a tutor in an elementary school because she loves working with kids.

d) purchased a computer after doing much research online to find the one that had the features she needed.

e) registered for an exercise class because she had put on a few pounds over the winter break.

54. People use a central route of processing information when

a) elaboration likelihood is high.

b) cognitive dissonance is high.

c) attribution strength is high.

d) motivation is low.

e) they lack evaluation skills.

55. According to the elaboration likelihood model, when elaboration likelihood is low, people

a) use a peripheral route of processing information.

b) use a central route of processing information.

c) ignore persuasive messages.

d) focus on aspects of the persuasive message that are consistent with prior beliefs.

e) focus on the content of the message.

56. Careful evaluation of the content of a message is accomplished via which route of processing?

a) Attributional

b) Peripheral

c) Central

d) Dissonant

e) Relational

57. A person is likely to make use of a peripheral route of information processing when

a) elaboration likelihood is low.

b) cognitive dissonance is high.

c) attribution strength is high.

d) motivation is high.

e) special skills or knowledge are needed to evaluate the message.

58. Erika is not registered to vote and lives with her parents. Her friend takes her to a debate about property taxes between two people running for City Council. Erika would probably use which form of processing?

a) Dissonance

b) Central

c) Peripheral

d) Attributional

e) Reciprocal

59. Features of a communicator attempting to deliver a persuasive message are called

a) source variables.

b) attribution variables.

c) message variables.

d) recipient variables.

e) initiating variables.

60. A communicator will most likely be perceived as credible if he or she is

a) attractive.

b) self-confident.

c) similar to the audience.

d) personable.

e) trustworthy.

61. A popular diet company hires a physician to advertise its weight-loss program. Which source variable is the company trying to influence?

a) Likeability

b) Similarity

c) Credibility

d) Originality

e) Attractiveness

62. Using models to sell automobiles most directly addresses which aspect of the source?

a) Credibility

b) Likeability

c) Authenticity

d) Similarity

e) Trustworthiness

63. Which of the following is true regarding persuasive appeals?

a) Messages that are aligned with the perceived interests of the communicator tend to be perceived as more credible.

b) Those of low intelligence or low self-confidence are generally harder to persuade.

c) People in a bad mood tend to be more receptive to persuasive messages than those in a good mood.

d) It does not matter how often a message is repeated, the more people are exposed to it, the more favorably they evaluate it.

e) Communicators who are similar to the audience are perceived more favorably than those who are dissimilar.

64. In persuasion, presenting both sides of an argument is

a) ineffective because it tends to confuse people.

b) ineffective because it seems ambivalent.

c) ineffective with an unknowledgeable audience but effective with a knowledgeable one.

d) almost always effective.

e) effective only when the counter-argument is refuted.

65. Messages are more credible when they

a) reflect the interests of the communicator.

b) go against the interests of the communicator.

c) are irrelevant to the interests of the communicator.

d) are not accompanied by relevant counter-arguments.

e) are not repeated often.

66. A community organization plans to sponsor a talk arguing against increased military spending. Other things being equal, which of the following should they contract to give the talk?

a) An avowed pacifist

b) A civilian

c) A person who actively avoided military service

d) A military officer

e) A person with mixed views on the subject

67. How does the recipient's mood affect persuasion?

a) A good mood makes people more resistant to persuasive messages.

b) A good mood has no effect on persuasive messages.

c) A good mood makes people more receptive to persuasive messages.

d) A good mood makes it easier to ignore persuasive messages.

e) A good mood leads to low elaboration likelihood.

68. Compared to people of higher intelligence, people of lower intelligence are generally

a) incapable of processing persuasive messages.

b) very difficult to persuade.

c) just as easy to persuade.

d) difficult to persuade if the message is complicated.

e) easier to persuade.

69. Three recipient variables that have an influence on persuasion are mood, intelligence, and

a) physical attractiveness.

b) confidence.

c) agreeableness.

d) popularity.

e) risk taking.

70. Summarize the process of making attributions, including the types of biases that influence attributions.

71. Describe the elaboration likelihood model.

72. Research evidence suggests that the major determinant of initial attraction is

a) perceived similarities.

b) novelty.

c) physical attractiveness.

d) internal characteristics.

e) proximity.

73. People are generally attracted to people who

a) are similar to them in personality.

b) are their polar opposites in attitudes.

c) do not live close by.

d) are less attractive than they are.

e) are not interested in them.

74. Similarity is most important in a relationship because it

a) minimizes controversy.

b) gives people something to talk about.

c) provides for validation of each person's self-concept.

d) helps the couple meet other, similar couples.

e) reflects the inner qualities of each individual.

75. Shelly has just signed up for an online dating service. She is tested on the Big Five personality traits and is presented with the results. Then she is asked to specify where on the five factors she sees her ideal match. What is she likely to say?

a) She will want someone who matches her scores on all five dimensions.

b) She will want someone who is more extraverted and agreeable but less neurotic, conscientious, or open.

c) She will want someone who is more conscientious and open but less neurotic, extraverted, or agreeable.

d) She will want someone who scored lower than she did on all dimensions.

e) She will want someone who outscored her on all dimensions except neuroticism.

76. In accounting for attraction, men place more emphasis than women on

a) physical appearance.

b) intelligence.

c) attitude similarity.

d) income.

e) education.

77. The one exception to the "what is beautiful is also good" stereotype is that compared to less attractive peers, attractive people are generally seen as

a) less intelligent.

b) less popular.

c) psychologically less well adjusted.

d) vain and immodest.

e) more socially awkward.

78. Faces are rated as more attractive when they have which of the following features?

a) Eyes that are close together

b) Thick cheeks

c) A small nose

d) A thin lower lip

e) A large chin

79. Which of the following statements is true about the role of physical appearance in attraction?

a) There is much variation in the characteristics considered ideal for the female face.

b) People who wear glasses tend to be perceived as less attractive, intelligent, honest, and reliable than people who wear contact lenses or no glasses.

c) Being tall pays off; height is related to higher incomes.

d) Large eyes and lips add to the "sexiness" of males more than to that of females.

e) The female ideal is associated with thinness in every society.

80. The matching hypothesis predicts that Sandra will look for a partner who

a) lives near her apartment.

b) is similar to her in physical attractiveness.

c) regularly compliments her.

d) practices the same religion that she does.

e) has about the same IQ as she does.

81. Making friends with neighbors supports which influence on attraction?

a) Matching

b) Reciprocity

c) Attractiveness

d) Similarity

e) Proximity

82. Carlotta has recently befriended Phyllis, who has been driving Carlotta's children to day care. The new friendship is most likely based on

a) matching.

b) proximity.

c) similarity.

d) indebtedness.

e) reciprocity.

83. Which of the following statements regarding the role of reciprocity in relationships is true?

a) Restaurant patrons resent waitresses who attempt to curry favor with them in order to get a generous tip.

b) The mere fact that someone does you a favor does not mean you are likely to be attracted to that person.

c) Waitresses received better tips when they gave the customers pieces of chocolate along with their checks.

d) When waitresses wrote messages on the back of their customers' bills, they received smaller tips.

e) People do not tend to be attracted to others just because those others are attracted to them.

84. Which researcher distinguishes two types of motives that underlie helping behavior and suggests that there is such a thing as pure altruism?

a) C. Daniel Batson

b) John Darley

c) Theodore Adorno

d) Claude Steele

e) Solomon Asch

85. Which researchers are associated with the study of bystander intervention?

a) Asch and Milgram

b) Steele and Adorno

c) Zajonc and Cialdini

d) Janis and Batson

e) Latane and Darley

86. Jamal is in a situation where another person needs help. According to the decision-making model of bystander intervention, Jamal's first step will be

a) choosing a way to help.

b) interpreting the event as an emergency.

c) assuming personal responsibility.

d) recognizing a need for help.

e) implementing his decision to help.

87. In the decision-making model of bystander intervention, what is the last step?

a) Deciding that a need for help exists

b) Deciding what type of help to give

c) Deciding to implement a course of action

d) Deciding that the situation is a clear emergency

e) Deciding to assume responsibility for providing assistance

88. Dr. Vanchella suspects that one of her students does not have any money for food. She arranges for money to be put on the student's meal card without telling the student. Which term best describes Vanchella's motive?

a) Self-centered

b) Prosocial

c) Reciprocal

d) Conformist

e) Altruistic

89. Which of the following statements regarding influences on helping is true?

a) People are more likely to help a victim if they make an internal attribution about the cause of the victim's circumstances.

b) The presence of others increases the likelihood that someone will choose to help.

c) People are much less likely to offer help in ambiguous situations than in clear-cut situations.

d) Similarity, mood, and gender have little effect on helping behavior.

e) People are more likely to provide help when they are traveling in a strange city than when they are back home.

90. The famous case of Kitty Genovese best represents which concept from social psychology?

a) Attraction

b) Conformity

c) Obedience

d) Diffusion of responsibility

e) Prejudice

91. Research on factors that influence helping behavior suggests that

a) people who fail to assist others in need are generally more apathetic and cold-hearted than those who choose to help.

b) the likelihood of helping increases as the perceived cost to the helper declines.

c) people are more likely to help others who dress differently than those dressed in the same type of attire as themselves.

d) the presence of others increases the chances that a person will provide help.

e) Women in need and men in need are equally likely to receive help.

92. Which of the following statements regarding prejudice is true?

a) Prejudices are formed without critical thought or evaluation of facts.

b) Prejudice and discrimination usually decrease during economic downturns.

c) Prejudice is a relatively new phenomenon in human history.

d) Stereotypes and prejudice are relatively easy to change.

e) Only some people are prejudiced.

93. Discrimination represents which attitudinal component of prejudice?

a) Cognition

b) Behavior

c) Feeling

d) Emotion

e) Belief

94. Barbara, who is Irish, believes that all Italians are emotional and love to eat. Barbara's beliefs are an example of

a) in-group favoritism.

b) discrimination.

c) out-group homogeneity.

d) out-group heterogeneity.

e) out-group favoritism.

95. Which of the following definitions best describes out-group negativism?

a) The belief that members of other groups hold prejudiced attitudes toward members of one's own group

b) The perception that members of out-groups are more alike than members of in-groups

c) A predisposition to attribute more positive characteristics to members of in-groups than to members of out-groups

d) A sense of threat evoked in members of stereotyped groups

e) A predisposition to attribute more negative characteristics to members of out-groups than to members of in-groups

96. Which personality type has been found to be associated with the development of prejudice?

a) Authoritarian

b) Authoritative

c) Obsessive-compulsive

d) Antisocial

e) Universalist

97. What is the term for a cognitive framework, found in low-prejudiced individuals, in which the person tends to look more at the similarities among people than at their differences?

a) Authoritarian schema

b) Self-serving bias

c) Universalist orientation

d) Authoritative schema

e) Diffusion of responsibility

98. A negative bias toward members of other racial group is termed

a) authoritarianism.

b) altruism.

c) discrimination.

d) prosocial behavior.

e) racism.

99. The concept of a "threat in the air" best describes

a) inter-group threat.

b) the fundamental attribution error.

c) the actor-observer effect.

d) stereotype threat.

e) out-group negativism.

100. In a study of stereotype threat, a golf task was presented either as tapping "natural athletic ability" or as measuring "sports intelligence." What were the findings of the study?

a) White students underperformed on the task in both conditions.

b) Black students underperformed when the task was tapping "natural athletic ability," but not when it was presented as measuring "sports intelligence." The reverse was true for White students.

c) Black students underperformed on the task in both conditions.

d) Black students underperformed when the task was presented as measuring "sports intelligence," but not when it was presented as tapping "natural athletic ability." The reverse was true for White students.

e) Both Black students and White students failed to do well on the task regardless of how it was presented.

101. In one research study, students at Stanford University took a test of the most difficult verbal items from the SAT. Before taking the test, one group was told that the test measured intellectual ability, and the second group was told it was a laboratory problem-solving task unrelated to intellectual ability. What were the results?

a) Black students underperformed White students of equal aptitude in both conditions.

b) White students underperformed Black students of equal aptitude in both conditions.

c) Black students underperformed White students of equal aptitude in the first group and performed equally well in the second group.

d) Black students underperformed White students of equal aptitude in the second group and performed equally well in the first group.

e) White students underperformed Black students of equal aptitude in the first group and outperformed Black students in the second group.

102. Initial research suggests that exposure to stereotype threat may contribute to which medical problem found at higher rates among African Americans?

a) Hypertension

b) Diabetes

c) Coronary heart disease

d) Cancer

e) Obesity

103. The contact hypothesis suggests that prejudice

a) can be reduced by bringing groups into contact with each other.

b) is the result of groups being brought into contact with each other.

c) results in increased group interaction.

d) results in decreased group interaction.

e) will be more apparent in situations of intergroup cooperation.

104. Who proposed the contact hypothesis as a model for reducing prejudice?

a) Theodore Adorno

b) Stanley Milgram

c) Albert Bandura

d) Gordon Allport

e) Irving Janis

105. Attempting to reduce prejudice by bussing some majority students to minority schools and some minority students to majority schools is suggested by

a) the fundamental attribution error.

b) the matching hypothesis.

c) the contact hypothesis.

d) cognitive dissonance.

e) in-group favoritism.

106. In order for intergroup contact to have a desirable effect on prejudice and intergroup tension, all of the following conditions are necessary EXCEPT

a) opportunities for members to become acquainted.

b) equal status for all group members.

c) explicit rules for interaction.

d) social and institutional support.

e) intergroup cooperation.

107. Telling oneself NOT to think in stereotypical terms

a) is an effective way to combat prejudice.

b) has no effect on prejudice.

c) can combat prejudice among minority members.

d) can combat prejudice among majority members.

e) may actually increase prejudice.

108. All of the following are predicted to help an individual reduce prejudice and stereotypical thinking EXCEPT

a) consciously suppressing stereotypes to push them out of awareness.

b) participating in diversity education.

c) rehearsing positive images of out-group members.

d) taking part in cooperative works or projects in which one can interact with people of different backgrounds.

e) developing empathy.

109. Contemporary theorists are LEAST likely to choose which factor to explain human aggression?

a) Biological influences

b) Sociocultural influences

c) Alcohol and other drugs

d) Environmental factors, such as heat

e) Instinct

110. One possible biological explanation for aggression may involve the neurotransmitter

a) dopamine.

b) serotonin.

c) acetylcholine.

d) GABA.

e) immunoglobulin A.

111. Which neurotransmitter is sometimes compared to a "behavioral seat belt" because of the role it seems to play in curbing impulsive behavior?

a) Immunoglobulin A

b) Dopamine

c) GABA

d) Acetylcholine

e) Serotonin

112. Which of the following statements is true of the role of testosterone in aggression?

a) All aggressive, violent men have high testosterone levels.

b) Testosterone levels are linked to violence, but only in males.

c) Testosterone levels are linked to violent behavior in both men and women.

d) There is no clear link between level of testosterone and aggression.

e) Most men with high testosterone levels engage in violent behavior.

113. Your psychology professor says, "Aggression is a learned behavior that is acquired through reinforcement, observation, and imitation." Her perspective is most consistent with which viewpoint?

a) Sociocultural

b) Social-cognitive

c) Evolutionary/instinct

d) Biological

e) Psychodynamic

114. A group of psychologists discuss the causes of aggression. Which psychologist speaks from a sociocultural perspective?

a) Dr. Sherry, who says, "Violent behavior is perpetuated through generations as children observe the adults in their lives use violence to solve their problems."

b) Dr. Wendrowski, who says, "Men have higher levels of testosterone than women, and research evidence shows that males are more aggressive than females across many cultures."

c) Dr. Reeves, who says, "Interpersonal violence takes place in the context of poverty, unemployment, and violent communities."

d) Dr. Bowen, who says, "High temperatures cause people to be aggressive by increasing their hostile thoughts and feelings."

e) Dr. Richards, who says, "People act aggressively when they are frustrated."

115. A negative emotional state that happens when efforts to reach one's goals are thwarted is

a) empathy.

b) altruism.

c) aggression.

d) conformity.

e) frustration.

116. After a night of heavy drinking at a bar, a person sensitive to the effects of alcohol is most likely to do which of the following?

a) Act impulsively and punch any person on a whim.

b) Consider the consequences before getting into a fight.

c) Misconstrue a threat as a benign gesture.

d) Take note of the bartender calling the police on his cell phone and leave quickly.

e) Make sure to insult only those that he knows he can take down in a fight.

117. Which two emotions are particularly likely to trigger aggression?

a) Pessimism and anger

b) Frustration and anger

c) Anger and guilt

d) Depression and guilt

e) Frustration and depression

118. What is the influence of temperature on aggression?

a) Temperature does not influence aggression.

b) Extreme cold and hot temperatures are linked to greater aggression.

c) Extreme cold and hot temperatures are linked to less aggression.

d) Hostile thoughts, feelings, and behaviors increase as the temperature rises.

e) Hostile thoughts and feelings decrease as the temperature rises and increase when the temperature cools down.

119. Which of the following statements is true about aggression?

a) Cross-cultural research suggests that males and females are equally aggressive.

b) Aggressive behavior generally decreases as the temperature rises.

c) Abused children often fail to develop empathy and become violent themselves.

d) Most researchers agree that human aggression is instinctive.

e) Because of its depressant effects, alcohol use curbs impulsive behavior, including acts of impulsive violence.

120. Discuss how attraction is influenced by similarity, physical attractiveness, proximity, and reciprocity.

121. Describe the decision-making model of bystander intervention, and then discuss several factors that influence helping behavior.

122. A person's individual identity is best described as his or her

a) social identity.

b) self-concept.

c) self-esteem.

d) autonomous identity.

e) personal identity.

123. Who tends to have the most independent sense of self?

a) Men in collectivist societies

b) Men in individualistic societies

c) Women in collectivist societies

d) Women in individualistic societies

e) Both men and women in individualistic societies have an equally high independent sense of self, and it is higher than that of men and women in collectivist societies.

124. Miguel is asked to describe himself. Which of Miguel's statements represents his personal identity?

a) "I am a Latino American."

b) "I am Buddhist."

c) "I am intelligent and creative."

d) "I am Carla and Manuel's son."

e) "I am a college student."

125. The tendency to adjust one's behavior to actual or perceived social pressures is called

a) obedience.

b) conformity.

c) attribution.

d) prejudice.

e) compliance.

126. Who conducted an influential study on conformity?

a) Asch

b) Milgram

c) Darley

d) Festinger

e) Zajonc

127. The explicit task in the Asch study of conformity involved

a) recognizing pictures of people.

b) administering electric shocks to people.

c) judging the length of lines.

d) arguing against one's own belief.

e) performing easy and difficult tasks in front of others.

128. When it comes to conformity, research shows that a(n) ________ is more likely to conform than a(n) ________.

a) male; female

b) person with a low need for social approval; person with a high need for social approval

c) person with low self-esteem; person with high self-esteem

d) older adult; child

e) socially confident person; socially shy person

129. Experiments on conformity similar to that described in the text suggest that conformity decreases under which of the following conditions?

a) When people give their responses in public rather than in private

b) When the size of the group decreases

c) When the task becomes more ambiguous

d) When there is another person who does not conform

e) When the size of the group increases above five members

130. In the famous study on conformity presented in the text, approximately what percentage of college students sided with the incorrect majority at least once?

a) 35 percent

b) 90 percent

c) 75 percent

d) 50 percent

e) 66 percent

131. Studies of gender differences in conformity suggest that compared to men, women are

a) much more likely to conform.

b) slightly more likely to conform.

c) equally likely to conform.

d) slightly less likely to conform.

e) much less likely to conform.

132. Compared to people from individualistic cultures, people from collectivist cultures are

a) much less likely to conform.

b) slightly less likely to conform.

c) equally likely to conform.

d) more likely to conform.

e) more likely to conform, but only if it is in private.

133. The process of acceding to the requests or demands of another is called

a) reciprocity.

b) conformity.

c) compliance.

d) social validation.

e) social facilitation.

134. Convincing someone to do a small favor makes it easier to convince that person to do a larger favor. This is an example of which technique of persuasion?

a) Low-ball

b) Foot-in-the-door

c) Bait-and-switch

d) High-ball

e) Door-in-the-face

135. People with a high need for consistency are more likely to be susceptible to which compliance technique?

a) Low-ball

b) High-ball

c) Door-in-the-face

d) Switch-and-pay

e) Foot-in-the-door

136. JoAnne goes to the local electronics store to purchase a $30 DVD player that was advertised in the paper. When she gets there, the salesperson tells her that they have just run out and offers to show JoAnne some other models. JoAnne ends up purchasing a $150 DVD player. JoAnne has been the victim of which technique of persuasion?

a) Low-ball

b) High-ball

c) Bait-and-switch

d) Foot-in-the-door

e) Door-in-the-face

137. An instructor is looking for ten student volunteers to help set up a fund-raising carnival for learning-disabled children. When he asks in class A, only 1 student volunteers. Then, in class B, he asks if anyone can devote two weeks in the summer to work in a camp for learning-disabled children. Everyone seems embarrassed, but no one volunteers. Then, he asks if anyone could spare just one afternoon to set up a carnival. This time, 15 students volunteer. Which compliance technique was the instructor taking advantage of?

a) Social validation

b) Foot-in-the-door

c) Low-ball

d) High-ball

e) Door-in-the-face

138. The concept of reciprocity plays a key role in which compliance technique?

a) Social validation

b) Foot-in-the-door

c) Door-in-the-face

d) Bait-and-switch

e) Low-ball

139. Asch is to ________ as Milgram is to ________.

a) conformity; obedience

b) compliance; obedience

c) conformity; bystander intervention

d) obedience; bystander intervention

e) obedience; compliance

140. Which of the following is the best definition of obedience?

a) The tendency to work harder in the presence of others than when alone

b) The tendency to use other people's behavior as a standard for judging the appropriateness of one's own behavior

c) Granting legitimacy to the orders of people in authority

d) The tendency to adjust one's behaviors to perceived social pressures

e) Compliance with the commands of authority figures

141. The "cover story" in the famous obedience research presented in the text was that the researcher was investigating

a) the effects of group size on conformity.

b) attribution errors.

c) cognitive dissonance.

d) the effects of punishment on learning.

e) deindividuation of crowd members.

142. Approximately what percentage of Milgram's original subjects obeyed every order?

a) 15 percent

b) 25 percent

c) 50 percent

d) 65 percent

e) 80 percent

143. In Milgram's study, when the subjects instructed others to administer the shock, the obedience rate was about what percent?

a) 45 percent

b) 56 percent

c) 65 percent

d) 82 percent

e) 92 percent

144. Two reasons offered in the text to explain why participants in the Milgram studies obeyed immoral commands are legitimization of authority and social

a) facilitation.

b) perception.

c) impression.

d) loafing.

e) comparison.

145. Which of the following statements is true about ethical aspects of Milgram's obedience research?

a) Milgram's research could be repeated by psychologists in the United States today.

b) Milgram's research played a large part in the APA's adoption of ethical guidelines.

c) Milgram's research seems to suggest that in the United States, we do not do a good job of teaching young people to be obedient to authority.

d) Milgram's research participants understood that they were participating in an experiment and that no one was actually experiencing pain.

e) The scientific community has discounted the significance of Milgram's findings.

146. Which of the following is the best definition of social facilitation?

a) The tendency for some people to have better social skills than others

b) The tendency for some people to facilitate the social skills of others

c) The ability of groups to solve problems more effectively than individuals

d) The tendency for people to perform better when others are present

e) The tendency for members of a team to work harder than when they work alone

147. In general, the presence of others ________ performance on well-learned tasks and ________ performance on novel tasks.

a) decreases; has no effect on

b) increases; has no effect on

c) decreases; increases

d) has no effect on; decreases

e) increases; decreases

148. The tendency for people to reduce their efforts when working as part of a group is called

a) social inhibition.

b) social facilitation.

c) social intervention.

d) social loafing.

e) groupthink.

149. In research by Schmitt reported in the text, which group of typists took the longest to complete their task?

a) Those doing a complex task in the presence of others

b) Those doing a simple task in the presence of others

c) Those doing a complex task alone

d) Those doing a simple task alone

e) Those doing a moderately complex task, whether in the presence of others or alone

150. Mathilda leads a team of twenty employees. If Mathilda wants to reduce the chances of social loafing in her team, she should do which of the following?

a) Increase the appeal of the team's task.

b) Give private feedback on each team member's performance.

c) Only hold the team accountable, not its individual members.

d) Evaluate performance for the group only.

e) Decrease the visibility of each individual's contribution in the group.

151. In Schmitt's research on social facilitation, the presence of others

a) improved performance on both easy and difficult tasks.

b) reduced performance on both easy and difficult tasks.

c) reduced performance on the easy task only.

d) reduced performance on the difficult task only.

e) had no effect on performance.

152. Willem is a skilled pianist. He has recently started playing the violin. When an audience is present, Willem performs

a) better on both instruments.

b) worse on both instruments.

c) better on the violin only.

d) better on the piano only.

e) worse on the piano only.

153. Cassandra is at a professional soccer game. She feels "lost in the crowd." Although she is normally quiet and restrained, Cassandra begins behaving like the rest of the group, yelling and screaming at the opposing team. Cassandra is experiencing

a) cognitive dissonance.

b) social loafing.

c) groupthink.

d) social facilitation.

e) deindividuation

154. Which of the following statements is true regarding deindividuation?

a) Deindividuation can be decreased through the use of uniforms.

b) Deindividuation decreases when a person feels anonymous.

c) Shifting one's attention away from internal standards toward external standards can reduce deindividuation.

d) Hate groups capitalize on deindividuation.

e) Deindividuation decreases diffusion of responsibility.

155. The tendency for group members to take positions that are in the same direction as, but more extreme than, their initial positions is called

a) deindividuation.

b) social loafing.

c) group polarization.

d) groupthink.

e) conformity.

156. The risky-shift phenomenon was evident at the meeting of the board members of the Shady Elms Retirement Community. First, there was a proposal on the table to arrange a trip to the local mall, ten minutes away by bus. Then, after a long and loud group discussion, the members voted to

a) take a trip instead to a movie theater, five minutes closer.

b) take a trip instead to a gambling casino, three hours away by bus.

c) put off any trip until the spring when the weather was better.

d) go to mall in a different town, the same distance away.

e) charge each person who wanted to go $2.00.

157. What was the conclusion of the Zimbardo prison simulation study?

a) That prisoners, by dint of their behavior, bring on their own mistreatment at the hands of guards

b) That people who choose to be guards have a sadistic streak in their personality

c) That ordinary people, when role-playing, undergo deindividuation to such a degree that they lose their sense of morality

d) That prison violence is due to the personality flaws of both the prisoners and the guards.

e) That deindividuation will not take place simply because people are put in a position of authority and are given a uniform.

158. A social psychological explanation of the poor decisions of President Kennedy's administration in the Bay of Pigs incident relies on which principle?

a) Deindividuation

b) Group polarization

c) Social loafing

d) Cognitive dissonance

e) Groupthink

159. In groupthink, what do group members emphasize over thoughtful consideration of the issues?

a) Diffusion of responsibility

b) Social loafing

c) Individual effort

d) Crowd mentality

e) Consensus-building

160. Frida is a CEO who must make an important decision regarding the future of her company. When Frida meets with her board of directors to discuss this decision, if she wants to prevent groupthink, she should

a) try to get the board to reach a consensus quickly and stick to that decision.

b) dismiss any board member who attempts to play "devil's advocate."

c) avoid bringing in any outside consultants.

d) state her personal preferences early in the meeting, as soon as the board begins to discuss the issue.

e) subdivide the group into smaller units to independently review the repercussions of the decision.

161. Summarize the Asch study on conformity.

162. Summarize the Milgram study on obedience.

163. The branch of psychology that studies people at work and the places where they do the work is called

a) industrial/organizational psychology.

b) economic psychology.

c) worker/workplace psychology.

d) job/business psychology.

e) environmental psychology.

164. As an industrial/organizational psychologist, Amanda might take on which of the following tasks?

a) Study how stress at the workplace is related to heart disease.

b) Help workers who experience psychological disorders.

c) Chart the buying habits of teenagers for a company that makes teen clothing.

d) Advise management on designing worker rest rooms that can accommodate handicapped workers.

e) Create a personality test that prospective employees will be given.

165. The degree to which people have positive feelings toward their jobs is called job

a) evaluation.

b) description.

c) satisfaction.

d) attribution.

e) validation.

166. Which of the following statements is true about job satisfaction?

a) People with low self-esteem tend to express higher levels of job satisfaction.

b) Job satisfaction is only modestly related to job performance and worker productivity.

c) All working people experience the self-serving bias of attributing success to their own efforts and blaming failures on others.

d) Just because someone is unhappy in one job, doesn't mean that she'll be unhappy in her next job.

e) The more control people have over the work they do, the happier they are.

167. Personality traits associated with higher job satisfaction include all of the following EXCEPT

a) self-esteem.

b) intelligence.

c) self-efficacy.

d) emotional stability.

e) cheerfulness.

168. Higher job satisfaction is found when

a) people have control over the work they do.

b) people do not have control over the work they do.

c) the amount of control people have over the work they do matches their attributional style.

d) the amount of control people have over the work they do results in cognitive dissonance.

e) people exhibit social facilitation rather than social loafing.

169. People with a negative attributional style

a) make extensive use of the fundamental attribution error.

b) make extensive use of the actor-observer effect.

c) make extensive use of the self-serving bias.

d) are less likely to use the self-serving bias.

e) use the fundamental attribution error to maximize their accomplishments.

170. Which of the following statements is true about telecommuting?

a) After a meteoric rise, the number of telecommuters in the United States has stabilized and is not expected to increase much more in the near future.

b) People who engage in telecommuting tend to change jobs more frequently than those who don't.

c) Telecommuting is linked to lower levels of job satisfaction.

d) There are an estimated 45 million telecommuters in the United States today.

e) The work of telecommuters is always done at home.

171. Predictions for the twenty-first century American workplace include which of the following?

a) There will be a larger proportion of younger workers.

b) There will be fewer job-training programs.

c) Workers will tend to retire at an earlier age.

d) The workplace will become more entrepreneurial.

e) Work schedules will become less flexible.

172. Discuss some of the issues associated with the challenges of changing workplaces.

1.          Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria used by psychologists to determine whether a behavior is abnormal?

A)         Morality

B)         Social deviance

C)         Dangerousness

D)         Unusualness

E)         Emotionally distressing

2.          Garth goes to a psychodynamic therapist for treatment of his anxiety. What will be the goal of Garth's therapy?

A)         To unroot unconscious conflicts that have given rise to his anxiety

B)         To determine the biological cause of his anxiety and find the right drug to treat it

C)         To become aware of his true feelings, fix his self-image, and come to accept himself the way he is

D)         To identify and change the irrational thought patterns that have led to his anxiety

E)         To determine how factors like his gender, social class, and ethnicity interact to make him anxious

3.          In experiments with Little Albert, Watson demonstrated

A)         the need to consider cognitive, as well as learning, influences in abnormal behavior.

B)         the inability of young children to acquire phobias.

C)         the role of classical conditioning in the development of  phobias.

D)         the ease with which instinctual fears are demonstrated in young children.

E)         the role of operant conditioning in fostering aggression.

4.          Humanistic theorists contend that abnormal behavior

A)         is the result of unconscious processes.

B)         is the result of conditioning.

C)         develops from encountering obstacles on the road to personal growth.

D)         involves distorted cognitions as well as learning influences.

E)         results from the stress of coping with poverty and social disadvantage.

5.          In the DSM, diagnostic classifications are provided in

A)         Axis I and Axis II.

B)         Axis II and Axis III.

C)         Axis III and Axis IV.

D)         Axis IV and Axis V.

E)         Axis II only.

6.          All but which of the following people have a specific phobia?

A)         Joe, who is afraid of spiders

B)         Pat, who is afraid of heights

C)         Nicole, who is afraid of venturing out into open places

D)         Michael, who is afraid of snakes

E)         Meghan, who is afraid of flying in airplanes

7.          Angelique has not left her house for two years. She is completely terrified of going out. She is probably suffering from

A)         agoraphobia.

B)         social phobia.

C)         specific phobia.

D)         panic disorder.

E)         posttraumatic stress disorder.

8.          Persistent anxiety without a specific focus is called

A)         generalized anxiety disorder.

B)         obsessive-compulsive disorder.

C)         agoraphobia.

D)         social phobia.

E)         panic disorder.

9.          Obsessive-compulsive disorder may be linked to irregularities in the brain regions that

A)         respond to danger cues.

B)         process memories.

C)         control heart rate.

D)         regulate decision-making.

E)         respond to the neurotransmitter dopamine.

10.        Dissociative identity disorder is a more technical term for

A)         multiple personality disorder.

B)         neurosis.

C)         schizophrenia.

D)         generalized anxiety disorder.

E)         antisocial personality disorder.

11.        A loss of physical function that has no organic cause is the primary symptom of

A)         hypochondriasis.

B)         dissociative identity disorder.

C)         conversion disorder.

D)         schizophrenia.

E)         dissociative amnesia.

12.        Bonnie has been feeling extremely sad for the last two months. She has difficulty getting out of bed to face the day and has lost interest in formerly pleasurable activities. Occasionally, she thinks about committing suicide. She sounds like she may be suffering from

A)         mania.

B)         antisocial personality disorder.

C)         bipolar disorder.

D)         major depressive disorder.

E)         conversion disorder.

13.        Freudian theory contends that depression

A)         represents the defense mechanism of displacement.

B)         is genetically based.

C)         represents anger turned inward.

D)         is a form of attention-getting.

E)         results from a lack of reinforcement.

14.        Ceci has a depressive attributional style. When she fails, Ceci is likely to make which types of attributions?

A)         Internal, global, and stable

B)         Internal, specific, and stable

C)         Internal, global, and unstable

D)         External, global, and stable

E)         External, specific, and unstable

15.        The removal of normal restraints that serve to keep impulsive behaviors in check is called

A)         an exit event.

B)         a cognitive distortion.

C)         a negative symptom.

D)         waxy flexibility.

E)         the disinhibition effect.

16.        The most common form of hallucinations in schizophrenia is

A)         visual.

B)         olfactory.

C)         auditory.

D)         tactile.

E)         kinesthetic.

17.        Which of the following is a major type of schizophrenia?

A)         Delusional

B)         Depressive

C)         Profound

D)         Paranoid

E)         Organized

18.        Which of the following brain regions seem to be most affected in cases of schizophrenia?

A)         Prefrontal cortex and limbic system

B)         Limbic system and hypothalamus

C)         Hypothalamus and medulla

D)         Medulla and prefrontal cortex

E)         Thalamus and medulla

19.        Extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others is characteristic of which personality disorder?

A)         Schizoid

B)         Borderline

C)         Paranoid

D)         Narcissistic

E)         Obsessive-compulsive

20.        Diana has borderline personality disorder. Which of the following best describes the major symptom of her disorder?

A)         Tendency toward mood swings and stormy relationships with others

B)         Extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others

C)         Pattern of avoiding social relationships out of fear of rejection

D)         Excessive need for orderliness and attention to detail

E)         Odd or eccentric, but not psychotic, behaviors

21.        All but which of the following have been implicated in antisocial personality disorder?

A)         Familial environment characterized by neglect and harsh punishment

B)         Underlying brain abnormalities

C)         Low levels of dopamine production

D)         Genetics

E)         Need for high levels of stimulation to maintain optimal level of arousal

22.        According to a psychoanalyst, anxiety results from

A)         unacceptable impulses that threaten to leak into consciousness.

B)         the id's desire to meet the demands of the ego.

C)         the id's desire to meet the demands of the superego.

D)         the superego's attempts to satisfy the ego.

E)         a failure of  the superego to control the ego.

23.        During a visit to his therapist, Ishmael was asked to begin talking about whatever was on his mind even if it seems trivial or irrelevant. This is an example of

A)         transference.

B)         interpretation.

C)         countertransference.

D)         free association.

E)         insight.

24.        In therapy, unconditional positive regard is

A)         the therapist's complete acceptance of the client.

B)         accepting the client only when s/he behaves acceptably.

C)         accepting the client only when s/he approaches self-actualization.

D)         the therapist's ability to express genuine feelings.

E)         the ability to accurately mirror the client's feelings and experiences.

25.        Brooke goes to a Gestalt therapist.  In her therapy, Brooke will probably be encouraged to

A)         analyze early childhood traumas.

B)         focus on how she is feeling in the here-and-now.

C)         suppress uncomfortable feelings.

D)         accept other people unconditionally.

E)         develop a fear hierarchy.

26.        Computer technology has been used for a new form of exposure therapy called

A)         electroconvulsive therapy.

B)         rational emotive behavior therapy.

C)         virtual therapy.

D)         cybertherapy.

E)         online therapy.

27.        The idea that irrational beliefs lead to emotional distress is at the core of which approach to therapy?

A)         Behavior therapy

B)         Rational-emotive behavior therapy

C)         Humanistic therapy

D)         Gestalt therapy

E)         Client-centered therapy

28.        Which type of therapy focuses on helping families focus on changing disruptive patterns of communication and improving the ways in which members relate to each other?

A)         Group therapy

B)         Marital therapy

C)         Couples therapy

D)         Family therapy

E)         Behavioral modification

29.        Vanessa feels an attachment toward her therapist and the therapy process. Vanessa's experience is referred to as

A)         a specific factor.

B)         countertransference.

C)         the therapeutic alliance.      

D)         a placebo effect.

E)         transference.

30.        Most of the antipsychotic drugs target which neurotransmitter?

A)         Serotonin

B)         Dopamine

C)         Acetylcholine

D)         GABA

E)         Norepinephrine

31.        Phenothiazines would be used to treat which of the following people?

A)         Tobey, who has schizophrenia

B)         Kirsten, who has bulimia

C)         Sami, who has bipolar disorder

D)         Michelle, who has an anxiety disorder

E)         Alfredo, who has major depression

32.        Common side effects of antidepressants are

A)         muscle ache and drowsiness.

B)         agitation and aggression.

C)         sexual dysfunction and dry mouth.

D)         muscular tremors and impairments in memory.

E)         rigidity and severe movement disorders.

33.        Marjorie receives treatment for depression. In her treatment, Marjorie receives jolts of electricity through her head. What is Marjorie's treatment?

A)         Aversive conditioning

B)         Prefrontal lobotomy

C)         Systematic desensitization

D)         Psychosurgery

E)         Electroconvulsive therapy

34.        What was the hope of the community-based care movement?

A)         That promising psychotropic drugs could help people deal more effectively with psychological disorders

B)         That mental patients could be reintegrated into society instead of being hospitalized for the long-term

C)         That mental hospitals would reflect the values of their community

D)         That the treatment of the mentally ill would be humanized

E)         That costs of caring for the mentally ill would be reduced

35.        You meet a psychologist who explains behavior in terms of ego, defense mechanisms, and psychosexual stages. This psychologist represents which view of personality?

A)         Trait

B)         Social-cognitive

C)         Humanist

D)         Psychoanalytic

E)         Levels-of-consciousness

36.        In psychoanalytic theory, ______ is to reality principle as ______ is to pleasure principle.

A)         ego; superego

B)         superego; id

C)         id; ego

D)         superego; ego

E)         ego; id

37.        After 6-year-old Samantha's baby brother was born, she started to have temper tantrums the way she had when she was two. This may be a case of

A)         repression.

B)         regression.

C)         projection.

D)         displacement.

E)         sublimation.

38.        What is the correct ordering of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

A)         Anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital

B)         Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

C)         Oral, anal, latency, phallic, genital

D)         Oral, phallic, anal, latency, genital

E)         Anal, oral, phallic, latency, genital

39.        Jung believed that similarities among cultures in dream images, art, and religious symbols are explained by the

A)         personal unconscious.

B)         collective unconscious.

C)         creative self.

D)         cultural consciousness.

E)         reality principle.

40.        In Allport's view, cardinal traits are

A)         the most pervasive characteristics of one's personality.

B)         basic building blocks of personality.

C)         specific preferences.

D)         fluctuating patterns of behavior.

E)         superficial traits inferred from observation.

41.        Which of the following is not one of the four basic personality types derived from the Eysenck Personality Inventory?

A)         Introverted-stable

B)         Extraverted-psychotic

C)         Extraverted-stable

D)         Introverted-neurotic

E)         Extraverted-neurotic

42.        In the five-factor model of personality, the extent to which a person is sensitive, warm, and tolerant versus callous, cold, and hostile is captured in which personality factor?

A)         Extraversion

B)         Neuroticism

C)         Openness

D)         Conscientiousness

E)         Agreeableness

43.        In social-cognitive theory, all but which of the following play a role in explaining personality?

A)         A person's rewards and punishments

B)         Expectancies a person holds about the outcomes of her/his behavior

C)         The value a person places on rewards

D)         The ways in which a person thinks about him/herself

E)         A person's unconscious impulses

44.        According to the text, the most important influence of the social-cognitive theorists was the

A)         development of cognitive-behavioral therapy.

B)         design of programs to help parents learn better parenting skills.

C)         introduction of the idea that unconscious influences and genetically based traits can explain much of human behavior.

D)         identification of concepts like locus of control and self-efficacy.

E)         presentation of the view that people are active seekers and interpreters of information, not just responders to environmental influences.

45.        According to humanists, personality is

A)         one's consistent manner of behavior.

B)         the interaction between genes and environment.

C)         the expression of conscious experience of directing ourselves towards achieving our own unique potentials.

D)         determined by reinforcement and punishment.

E)         based on a hierarchy of pervasive characteristics.

46.        A(n) ______ culture is one that emphasizes social roles and obligations.

A)         archetypal

B)         self-actualized

C)         individualistic

D)         humanistic

E)         collectivistic

47.        On the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the number of items scored in the same direction as the diagnostic group are converted into

A)         raw scores.

B)         reliability scales.

C)         five factors.

D)         standard scores.

E)         validity scales.

48.        Rorschach developed a famous personality test that uses __________ as stimuli.

A)         inkblots

B)         geometric patterns

C)         ambiguous photographs

D)         stick figures

E)         artwork

49.        Most of the skills valued in our society are

A)         irrelevant to the concept of self-esteem.

B)         capable of being achieved by most people.

C)         out of the reach of all but the most talented.

D)         not clearly defined.

E)         academic and athletic.

50.        When social psychologists discuss impression formation, what are they talking about?

A)         A person's efforts to make a good impression on someone else

B)         The process by which people form opinions of others

C)         The tendency to form impressions of other people's behavior after a period of time of getting to know them.

D)         The tendency to ignore first impressions

E)         The expectation that someone will behave the way you predict

51.        When Anne first met Jules, he had been suffering from insomnia and was a little short-tempered. Subsequently, when she was around Jules, she interpreted a lot of what he did as reflecting his hostile personality. This reflects the power of

A)         social schemas.

B)         stereotyping.

C)         discrimination.

D)         cognitive dissonance.

E)         self-fulfilling prophecy.

52.        Randy believes that all people from Cropilia are basically aggressive. When he meets a Cropilian, he acts more aggressive himself. The Cropilian responds with aggressive behavior, which Randy takes as a confirmation of his belief in their aggressiveness. This best describes

A)         cultural stereotyping.

B)         self-serving attribution.

C)         the fundamental attribution error.

D)         cognitive dissonance.

E)         a self-fulfilling prophecy.

53.        The fundamental attribution error involves

A)         taking credit for your own good behavior.

B)         taking the blame for your own bad behavior.

C)         overemphasizing internal factors when explaining the behavior of others.

D)         overemphasizing situational factors when explaining the behavior of others.

E)         overemphasizing internal factors when explaining personal successes and situational factors when explaining personal failures.

54.        Junie is from a culture that values self-criticism and humility. Other factors being equal, Junie is ______ than someone from a culture that values the protection of self-esteem.

A)         less likely to show a self-serving bias

B)         more likely to show the actor-observer effect

C)         more likely to make the fundamental attribution error

D)         more likely to make dispositional attributions when explaining the behavior of others

E)         less likely to recognize the need to work harder in the future

55.        Cognitive dissonance results when

A)         a person makes the fundamental attribution error.

B)         one's attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent.

C)         stereotypes are confirmed through experience.

D)         attraction is high between two people.

E)         elaboration likelihood is high.

56.        A popular diet company hires a physician to advertise their weight-loss program. Which source variable is the company trying to influence?

A)         Likeability

B)         Similarity

C)         Credibility

D)         Originality

E)         Attractiveness

57.        Research on attraction suggests that you will be most attracted to someone who is

A)         similar to you.

B)         different from you.

C)         more attractive than you.

D)         less attractive than you.

E)         uninterested in you.

58.        From the perspective of the field of psychology, love is

A)         a motive, but not an emotion.

B)         an emotion, but not a motive.

C)         both an emotion and a motive.

D)         impossible to study.

E)         a topic not worthy of study.

59.        Discrimination represents which attitudinal component of prejudice?

A)         Cognition

B)         Behavior

C)         Feeling

D)         Emotion

E)         Belief

60.        One possible biological explanation for aggression involves the neurotransmitter ______, which acts like a “behavioral seat belt.”

A)         dopamine

B)         serotonin

C)         acetylcholine

D)         GABA

E)         melatonin

61.        The tendency to adjust one's behavior to actual or perceived social pressures is called

A)         obedience.

B)         conformity.

C)         groupthink.

D)         prejudice.

E)         compliance.

62.        Studies of gender differences in conformity suggest that women are ______ men to conform

A)         much more likely than

B)         slightly more likely than

C)         equally likely as

D)         slightly less likely than

E)         much less likely than

63.        In Milgram's study on blind obedience, ______ percent of the original subjects obeyed every order. In subsequent studies, when the subjects instructed others to administer the shock, the obedience rate ______.

A)         25; rose to about half

B)         33; rose to more than half

C)         65; rose to more than 90%

D)         33; fell to about 20%

E)         25; fell to about 10%

64.        ______ play(s) a role in explaining why people obey immoral commands.

A)         Social validation, but not legitimization of authority,

B)         Social comparison, but not legitimization of authority,

C)         Legitimization of authority, but not social validation,

D)         Legitimization of authority, but not social comparison,

E)         Social comparison and legitimization of authority

65.        A social psychological explanation of the poor decisions of President Kennedy's administration in the Bay of Pigs incident relies on which principle?

A)         Obedience

B)         Social facilitation

C)         Social loafing

D)         Cognitive dissonance

E)         Groupthink

66.        People with a high need for consistency are more likely to be susceptible to which compliance technique?

A)         Bait-and-switch

B)         Switch-and-pay

C)         Foot-in-the-door

D)         Low-ball

E)         Door-in-the-face

1.	______ is the process by which we come to form an understanding of our social environment.
	A)	Social psychology
	B)	Social perception
	C)	Self-fulfilling prophecy
	D)	Stereotyping
	E)	Impression formation
2.	Regarding impression formation, which of the following statements is FALSE?
	A)	People tend to form first impressions quickly.
	B)	Our impressions of others are influenced by the amount of information they choose to disclose.
	C)	First impressions are relatively easy to change once we get to know the person.
	D)	First impressions tend to be long-lasting.
	E)	Preconceived ideas influence the impressions we form of people before we even meet them.
3.	All but which of the following are factors that influence the process of impression formation?
	A)	Social identity
	B)	Social schemas
	C)	Stereotyping
	D)	Personal disclosure
	E)	Self-fulfilling prophecies
4.	A ______ is a mental image or representation that a person uses to understand her/his social environment.
	A)	situational attribution
	B)	fundamental attribution error
	C)	dispositional attribution
	D)	social schema
	E)	self-fulfilling prophecy
5.	Research on stereotypes suggests that stereotypes are best described as
	A)	inefficient and not necessarily accurate.
	B)	efficient and accurate.
	C)	inefficient and accurate.
	D)	efficient and not necessarily accurate.
	E)	negative and inefficient.
6.	The fundamental attribution error involves
	A)	taking credit for your own good behavior.
	B)	taking the blame for your own bad behavior.
	C)	overemphasizing internal factors when explaining the behavior of others.
	D)	overemphasizing situational factors when explaining the behavior of others.
	E)	overemphasizing internal factors when explaining personal successes and situational factors when explaining personal failures.
7.	Jahrul's instructor was very rude the first day of class. Jahrul assumed the instructor was a rude woman. He did not know that she had woken up late, had a car accident on the way to work, and had been locked out of her office. Jahrul is demonstrating
	A)	the fundamental attribution error.
	B)	self-serving  bias.
	C)	cognitive dissonance.
	D)	the actor-observer effect.
	E)	the elaboration likelihood model.
8.	Heika and Lucille were both  passed over for a promotion at work. Heika is sure that the boss does not like him, but he believes that Lucille was passed over because she is really a poor worker. This is a case of
	A)	the fundamental attribution error.
	B)	the actor-observer effect.
	C)	self-fulfilling prophecy.
	D)	cognitive dissonance.
	E)	stereotyping.
9.	When social psychologists discuss impression formation, what are they talking about?
	A)	A person's efforts to make a good impression on someone else
	B)	The process by which people form opinions of others
	C)	The tendency to form impressions of other people's behavior after a period of time of getting to know them.
	D)	The tendency to ignore first impressions
	E)	The expectation that someone will behave the way you predict
10.	When John and Mary go on their first date, John reveals extensive personal information to Mary. What is the likely result of John's self-disclosure?
	A)	It will help their relationship become stronger.
	B)	It will lead Mary to form a negative first impression of John.
	C)	It will lead Mary to form a positive first impression.
	D)	It will help strengthen Mary's stereotype about men.
	E)	It will have no effect on Mary's opinion or their relationship.
11.	Regarding stereotypes, which of the following statements is FALSE?
	A)	Stereotypes are relatively easy to change when new, valid information is presented.
	B)	Stereotyping is a normal cognitive tendency.
	C)	Although stereotypes can include positive or negative attributes, they are usually more negative.
	D)	Stereotypes influence first impressions.
	E)	Stereotypes help people more efficiently use their cognitive resources.
12.	Angela believes that people from Stovenia are basically dishonest. Angela is demonstrating
	A)	self-fulfilling prophecy.
	B)	fundamental attribution error.
	C)	cognitive dissonance.
	D)	stereotyping.
	E)	a dispositional cause.
13.	Randy believes that all people from Cropilia are basically aggressive. When he meets a Cropilian, he acts more aggressive himself. The Cropilian responds with aggressive behavior, which Randy takes as a confirmation of his belief in their aggressiveness. This best describes
	A)	cultural stereotyping.
	B)	self-serving attribution.
	C)	the fundamental attribution error.
	D)	cognitive dissonance.
	E)	a self-fulfilling prophecy.
14.	Explanations formed about causes of behavior or events are called
	A)	stereotypes.
	B)	attributions.
	C)	social schemas.
	D)	attitudes.
	E)	self-fulfilling prophecies.
15.	Sven believes that his co-worker was promoted to manager because of her hard effort and winning personality. What type of attribution has Sven made?
	A)	External
	B)	Situational
	C)	Contextual
	D)	Dispositional
	E)	Environmental
16.	A group of students discusses their grades on their first psychology exam. Which student is making a dispositional attribution?
	A)	Arne says, “I'll never pass this course. I'm just stupid.”
	B)	Beck says, “I did well because the test was really easy.”
	C)	Claire says, “The professor thinks I'm cute, so he graded my essays easy.”
	D)	Donal says, “My lucky rabbit's foot worked!”
	E)	Earl says, “I flunked; that professor just doesn't like me.”
17.	Joylin assumes her husband kicked the dog because the dog had just bitten him. Joylin is making what sort of attribution?
	A)	Dispositional
	B)	Personal
	C)	Internal
	D)	Situational
	E)	Cognitive
18.	The self-defense explanation of a crime essentially involves convincing the jury to make what sort of attribution about the defendant's actions?
	A)	Situational
	B)	Dispositional
	C)	Personal
	D)	Cognitive
	E)	Internal
19.	Regarding attributions, which of the following statements is FALSE?
	A)	The actor-observer effect is strong across a wide variety of situations.
	B)	The tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal causes, while attributing our own behavior to situational demands is explained by the actor-observer effect.
	C)	Attributions are influenced by cognitive biases like the fundamental attribution error, the actor-observer effect, and the self-serving bias.
	D)	The self-serving bias is widespread in Western cultures.
	E)	In the fundamental attribution error, people overemphasize internal causes when explaining others' behavior.
20.	Compared to a person from a collectivist culture, a person from an individualistic culture
	A)	is less prone to make the fundamental attribution error.
	B)	has a greater tendency to make situational attributions for the behavior of others.
	C)	is more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error.
	D)	emphasizes external causes of behavior to explain the behavior of others.
	E)	relies little on dispositional causes in making attributions.
21.	Recent research on the actor-observer effect suggests that
	A)	the tendency to make this error has a genetic component.
	B)	males are more likely than females to make this error.
	C)	with globalization, cross-cultural differences in the effect have disappeared.
	D)	it may be weaker than originally suspected and limited to certain situations.
	E)	it is difficult to demonstrate in an experimental setting.
22.	When people make dispositional attributions for their successes and make situational attributions for their failures, they are demonstrating
	A)	the fundamental attribution error.
	B)	the actor-observer effect.
	C)	a self-serving bias.
	D)	a self-fulfilling prophecy.
	E)	the elaboration likelihood model.
23.	Mischa believes she did well on her English exam because she is very intelligent but that she failed her chemistry exam because her instructor is not very good. She is demonstrating
	A)	the fundamental attribution error.
	B)	reciprocity.
	C)	self-fulfilling prophecy.
	D)	the actor-observer effect.
	E)	self-serving bias.
24.	Of the following people with attitudes toward hybrid vehicles, which one demonstrates the behavioral component of attitudes?
	A)	Tony says, “Hybrid vehicles cost more than gas vehicles, so they don't save you any money.”
	B)	A.J. purchases a Honda hybrid car with his graduation money.
	C)	Jennifer gets angry every time she sees someone driving a big SUV.
	D)	Carmella says, “I think the government should give bigger tax credits to people who purchase hybrid vehicles.”
	E)	After looking at a hybrid on a car lot, Paulie says, “It's nice, but I worry about its acceleration.”
25.	Christine does not like country music. This reflects which component of her attitude toward country music?
	A)	Attribution
	B)	Cognition
	C)	Emotion
	D)	Behavior
	E)	Expectation
26.	Marcel protests in front of stores that sell animal furs. This reflects which component of his attitude toward animal furs?
	A)	Attribution
	B)	Expectation
	C)	Emotion
	D)	Cognition
	E)	Behavior
27.	What is the primary reason that people's behaviors do not always match their attitudes?
	A)	Genetic influences
	B)	Self-serving bias
	C)	The actor-observer effect
	D)	Stereotyping
	E)	Situational constraints
28.	All of the following make attitudes more likely to influence behavior EXCEPT
	A)	stability.
	B)	situational attributions.
	C)	certainty.
	D)	specificity.
	E)	easy recall.
29.	Of the following smokers, which one is choosing the route of rationalization to deal with the dissonance between their smoking behavior and their belief that smoking is unhealthy?
	A)	Alejandro, who says, “Cancer doesn't run in my family anyway.”
	B)	Bhodip, who says, “I'll worry about quitting smoking when I'm older.”
	C)	Corbin, who quits smoking “cold turkey.”
	D)	Damita, who develops and implements a plan to gradually stop smoking.
	E)	Esperanza, who stops paying attention to messages that smoking is harmful.
30.	People use a central route of processing information when
	A)	elaboration likelihood is high.
	B)	cognitive dissonance is high.
	C)	they are uninterested in the issue.
	D)	motivation is low.
	E)	they lack evaluation skills.
31.	In persuasive messages the careful evaluation of the content of a message is accomplished via which route of processing?
	A)	Central
	B)	Peripheral
	C)	Attributional
	D)	Dissonant
	E)	Relational
32.	Erika is not registered to vote and lives with her parents. Her friend takes her to a debate between two people running for City Council regarding property taxes. She would probably use which form of processing?
	A)	Dissonance
	B)	Central
	C)	Peripheral
	D)	Attributional
	E)	Reciprocal
33.	Regarding persuasive appeals, which of the following statements is FALSE?
	A)	Messages that run counter to the perceived interests of the communicator tend to be perceived as more credible.
	B)	Those of low intelligence or low self-confidence are generally harder to persuade.
	C)	People in a good mood tend to be more receptive to persuasive messages than those in a bad mood.
	D)	The more often people are exposed to a message, the more favorably they evaluate it, but only up to a point.
	E)	Communicators who are similar to the audience are perceived more favorably than those who are dissimilar.
34.	Compared to people of higher intelligence, people of lower intelligence are generally
	A)	incapable of processing persuasive messages.
	B)	very difficult to persuade.
	C)	just as easy to persuade.
	D)	difficult to persuade if the message is complicated.
	E)	easier to persuade.
35.	Summarize the process of making attributions, including the types of biases that influence attributions.
36.	Research evidence on romantic attraction suggests that the major determinant of initial attraction is
	A)	perceived similarities.
	B)	novelty.
	C)	physical appearance.
	D)	internal characteristics.
	E)	proximity.
37.	Similarity is important in a relationship because it
	A)	minimizes controversy.
	B)	gives people something to talk about.
	C)	provides for validation of each person's self-concept.
	D)	helps the people in the relationship meet other similar people.
	E)	reflects the inner qualities of each individual.
38.	The matching hypothesis predicts that Sandra will look for a partner who
	A)	lives near her apartment.
	B)	is similar to her in physical attractiveness.
	C)	regularly compliments her.
	D)	comes from the same town or city.
	E)	is interested in her.
39.	Carlotta has recently befriended Phyllis, who has been driving Carlotta's children to day care. The new friendship is most likely based on
	A)	matching.
	B)	proximity.
	C)	similarity.
	D)	prosocial behavior.
	E)	reciprocity.
40.	In Sternberg's model of love, the desire to maintain the relationship through good times and bad times is called
	A)	love.
	B)	passion.
	C)	intimacy.
	D)	commitment.
	E)	reciprocity.
41.	Dana and Fox have a relationship in which they have intense sexual desires for each other. Their relationship is characterized by which component of love in the triangular model?
	A)	Romance
	B)	Intimacy
	C)	Decision
	D)	Commitment
	E)	Passion
42.	Jamal is in a situation where another person needs help. According to the bystander intervention model, Jamal's first step will be
	A)	choosing a way to help.
	B)	interpreting the event as an emergency.
	C)	assuming personal responsibility.
	D)	recognizing a need for help.
	E)	implementing his decision to help.
43.	Regarding influences on helping, which of the following statements is FALSE?
	A)	A person is more likely to help a victim if they make an external attribution about cause of the victim's circumstances.
	B)	The presence of others increases the likelihood that someone will choose to help.
	C)	In ambiguous situations, people are less likely to offer help than in clear-cut situations.
	D)	Factors of similarity, mood, and gender have effects on helping behavior.
	E)	People with baby-faced features are more likely to receive help than people with more mature features.
44.	The famous case of Kitty Genovese best represents which concept from social psychology?
	A)	Diffusion of responsibility
	B)	Conformity
	C)	Obedience
	D)	Groupthink
	E)	Prejudice
45.	Discrimination represents which attitudinal component of prejudice?
	A)	Cognition
	B)	Behavior
	C)	Feeling
	D)	Emotion
	E)	Belief
46.	Which personality type has been found to be associated with the development of prejudice?
	A)	Authoritarian
	B)	Authoritative
	C)	Obsessive-compulsive
	D)	antisocial
	E)	Universalist
47.	Attempting to reduce prejudice by transporting students from the majority group to minority schools is suggested by
	A)	the fundamental attribution error.
	B)	the matching hypothesis.
	C)	the contact hypothesis.
	D)	cognitive dissonance.
	E)	in-group favoritism.
48.	Quincella is trying to reduce her level of prejudice. She decides to tell herself to not think in stereotypical terms. What does research suggest is the probable outcome of Quincella's strategy?
	A)	Quincella chose an effective strategy and will be able to combat prejudice.
	B)	Quincella's strategy will have little effect on combating her prejudice.
	C)	Quincella's strategy can combat her prejudice if she is a member of the minority group.
	D)	Quincella's strategy can combat her prejudice if she is a member of the majority group.
	E)	Quincella's strategy may actually increase her prejudice.
49.	A person's individual identity is best described as her/his
	A)	social identity.
	B)	self-concept.
	C)	self-esteem.
	D)	self-schema.
	E)	personal identity.
50.	Regarding aggression, which of the following statements is FALSE?
	A)	Research suggests that males are generally more aggressive than females.
	B)	Aggressive behavior generally increases with increasing temperatures, although it may decline at extremely high temperatures.
	C)	Children learn aggression through modeling that occurs in the home, at school, and in the media.
	D)	The fighting instinct is a basic survival mechanism in many animal species.
	E)	Because of its depressant effects, alcohol use curbs impulsive behavior, including acts of impulsive violence.
51.	The tendency to adjust one's behavior to actual or perceived social pressures is called
	A)	obedience.
	B)	conformity.
	C)	groupthink.
	D)	prejudice.
	E)	compliance.
52.	The stated task in the Asch study of conformity involved
	A)	rating pictures of people in terms of physical attractiveness.
	B)	administering electric shocks to people.
	C)	judging the length of lines.
	D)	arguing against one's own belief.
	E)	performing easy and difficult tasks in front of others.
53.	In the famous study on conformity presented in the text, approximately what percentage of college students sided with the incorrect majority at least once?
	A)	35%
	B)	90%
	C)	75%
	D)	50%
	E)	66%
54.	Billy Ray is from an individualistic culture and Diego is from a collectivistic culture. Other factors being equal, compared to Billy Ray, Diego is
	A)	much less likely to conform.
	B)	slightly less likely to conform.
	C)	equally likely to conform.
	D)	more likely to conform.
	E)	more likely to conform, but only if it is in private.
55.	Which of the following is the best definition of obedience?
	A)	The tendency to work harder in the presence of others than when alone
	B)	The tendency to use other people's behavior as a standard for judging the appropriateness of one's own behavior
	C)	Granting legitimacy to the orders of people in authority
	D)	The tendency to adjust one's behaviors to perceived social pressures
	E)	Compliance with the commands of authority figures
56.	Regarding Milgram's research on obedience, which of the following statements is FALSE?
	A)	Ethical concerns resulting from this research played a large role in the  profession's  adoption of ethical guidelines to protect research participants.
	B)	Some people have interpreted Milgram's findings as suggesting we do too good a job in our culture at socializing young people to be obedient to authority.
	C)	Milgram found that placing the “learner” in the same room as the “teacher” reduced obedience somewhat.
	D)	Subsequent research revealed that the majority of “teachers” in Milgram's experiment did not believe that the “learners” were truly receiving significant levels of pain.
	E)	When Milgram repeated his study in a dingy storefront setting rather than a university setting, nearly half of his subjects complied with the experimenter's demands.
57.	Which of the following is the best definition of social facilitation?
	A)	The tendency for some people to have bett er social skills than others
	B)	The tendency for some people to facilitate the social skills of others
	C)	The superior ability of groups to solve problems compared to individuals
	D)	The tendency for people to perform better when others are present
	E)	The tendency for members of a team to work harder than when they work alone
58.	The tendency for people to reduce their efforts when working as part of a group is called
	A)	social inhibition.
	B)	social facilitation.
	C)	social intervention.
	D)	social loafing.
	E)	groupthink.
59.	Which of the following concepts from social psychology are concerned with the effect of the presence of others on the quality of a person's performance?
	A)	Groupthink and group polarization
	B)	Conformity, compliance, and obedience
	C)	Dispositional and situational attributions
	D)	Prejudice and discrimination
	E)	Social facilitation and social loafing
60.	Summarize the Asch study on conformity.
61.	Summarize the Milgram study on obedience.
62.	Describe 4 manipulative sales techniques.