Liberty
University PSYC 101 quiz 11 solutions answers right
How
many versions: 7 different versions
Question 1 Who developed the 16PF
personality test?
Question 2 Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
posits that the preconscious consists of _____.
Question 3 Watson and Skinner believed that
Question 4 In the fivefactor model of personality,
the extent to which a person is sensitive, warm, and tolerant versus callous,
cold, and hostile is captured in which personality factor?
Question 5 In Karen Horney’s theory of
personality development, children may develop a deep form of resentment toward
their parents. Horney labeled this
Question 6 Psychologist Walter Mischel
emphasizes the importance of selfregulatory systems and plans, by which is
meant _____.
Question 7 The U.S. Army’s slogan, “Be all
that you can be” is most consistent with which concept from personality theory?
Question 8 Which type of learning did
Bandura emphasize in his socialcognitive theory?
Question 9 Herschel believes that he will
be able to perform the behaviors necessary for him to succeed at college.
Bandura used the term ______ to describe Herschel’s beliefs.
Question 10 In applying the concept of
building selfesteem in our personal lives, most of the skills valued in our
society are
Question 11 Which neoFreudian raised the
idea that men may experience “womb envy”?
Question 12 Hans Eysenck thought that
personality differences result from _____.
Question 13 According to Freud, most of the
human mind resides in the ______, and primitive sexual and aggressive instincts
lie in the ______.
Question 14 The most widely held view in
contemporary psychology is that _____.
Question 15 Freud believed that personality
consists of _____ structures, and they are called _____.
Question 16 Cathleen takes the 16PF test of
personality. This test will measure Cathleen’s _____ traits.
Question 17 A culture in which the sense of
self is tied to personal accomplishments s best described as
Question 18 Of the following suggestions
for how we can build our selfesteem, which is most likely to have been made by
Albert Ellis?
Question 19 The combination of
psychological characteristics and behavior patterns that characterize the
uniqueness of an individual and the ways in which the individual relates to the
world and adapts to environmental demands is called
Question 20 Francis is passive, clingy, and
dependent, with a pessimistic outlook on life. In which psychosexual stage
might Francis be fixated?
Question 1 In psychoanalytic theory, ______
is to reality principle as ______ is to pleasure principle.
Question 2 Carl Rogers’ theory suggests
that selfesteem is a function of how closely we come to matching our selfideals,
which are _____.
Question 3 Which part of the personality
might be described as “the great compromiser”?
Question 4 Allport proposed ______ types of
traits in the personality, and they are called _____.
Question 5 Abraham Maslow believed all but
which of the following?
Question 6 For extra credit in her
psychology class, Lucretia just took a 567item selfreport personality
inventory administered by a graduate student in training. The graduate student
told Lucretia that the test measures 10 clinical scales. Which test did
Lucretia take?
Question 7 Stable and enduring personal
characteristics are called
Question 8 In psychoanalytic theory, the
personality structure that organizes ways to handle delays of gratification and
represents “reason and good sense” is the
Question 9 In the fivefactor models of
personality, which two traits parallel two of Eysenck’s traits?
Question 10 Socialcognitive theorist
Mischel’s most recent work focuses on
Question 11 The most widely adopted trait
model of personality today is the
Question 12 Regarding selfefficacy, which
of the following statements is FALSE?
Question 13 Shawn is more likely to smoke
marijuana in situations where he believes it will make him relaxed than in
situations where he feels he will make a fool of himself. Shawn’s ideas about
smoking marijuana reflect his
Question 14 Cybill takes a personality test
based on Eysenck’s theory and finds that her “type” is extravertedstable.
Which description most likely fits Cybill?
Question 15 Who are the two main
contributors to the humanistic perspective?
Question 16 Which of the following has NOT
been voiced as a criticism of trait theories?
Question 17 In the humanistic perspective,
realization of one’s own potential is known as
Question 18 In comparison to psychodynamic
and behaviorist explanations of human behavior and thought processes,
humanistic theory
Question 19 Regression is
Question 20 A strategy that prevents
awareness of unacceptable desires is a ______, and the ______ makes use of such
strategies.
Question 1 From Freud’s perspective, a boy
resolves his Oedipus complex by
Question 2 In the humanistic perspective,
realization of one’s own potential is known as
Question 3 Mahatma Gandhi’s lifelong
commitment to nonviolent solutions to social problems would likely be
considered an example of a(n) ______ trait.
Question 4 In Mischel’s theory, which
person variable concerns the ability to plan courses of action to achieve goals
and obtain rewards?
Question 5 Ingmar’s boss ridiculed him in
front of the whole office. When Ingmar returns home, he yells at his wife and
children and kicks his dog. This is an example of
Question 6 Gordon Allport thought that
cardinal traits are _____.
Question 7 According to Freud, most of the
human mind resides in the ______, and primitive sexual and aggressive instincts
lie in the ______.
Question 8 All but which of the following
are premises of Adler’s individual psychology?
Question 9 Rorschach developed a famous
personality test that uses __________ as stimuli.
Question 10 Watson and Skinner believed
that
Question 11 Which of the following students
is demonstrating a positive expectancy about schoolwork?
Question 12 In _____, people are presented
with a set of ambiguous stimuli that produce responses that must be interpreted
by the examiner.
Question 13 Cybill takes a personality test
based on Eysenck’s theory and finds that her “type” is extravertedstable.
Which description most likely fits Cybill?
Question 14 The most widely adopted trait
model of personality today is the
Question 15 In Freudian theory, the failure
to acknowledge a threatening impulse or desire is called
Question 16 Paul forgets to call his motherinlaw
on her birthday. He says it just slipped his mind. In the Freudian view, this
type of forgetting may represent the defense mechanism of
Question 17 The psychoanalytic perspective
suggests that too much or too little gratification at a psychosexual stage may
result in
Question 18 Jacob and his friends like to
lie around on summer days, stare up at the clouds, and tell each other what
they see in the clouds. Their activity is most like which test of personality?
Question 19 Who developed the 16PF
personality test?
Question 20 Raymond Cattell thought that
surface traits are _____.
Question 1 Which of the following best
describes Bandura’s ideas about the relationship between behavior, cognition,
and environment?
Question 2 Emilio’s therapist says that
Emilio’s personality is fixated at the earliest stage of development. In
layman’s terms, the therapist means that Emilio’s personality is ______ at the
earlier stage.
Question 3 In comparison to psychodynamic
and behaviorist explanations of human behavior and thought processes,
humanistic theory
Question 4 When taken to extremes,
individualistic values might lead to undesirable consequences, such as _____.
Question 5 Cybill takes a personality test
based on Eysenck’s theory and finds that her “type” is extraverted-stable.
Which description most likely fits Cybill?
Question 6 Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
posits that the pleasure principle is _____.
Question 7 Rogers used the term ______ to
describe acceptance of a person’s basic worth under any circumstance.
Question 8 Frank says, “My conscience is
bothering me.” Using Freud’s terminology, Frank is referring to his
Question 9 Which of the following is most
likely in Freud’s phallic stage of development?
Question 10 In psychoanalytic theory, the
personality structure that organizes ways to handle delays of gratification and
represents “reason and good sense” is the
Question 11 Karen Horney’s feminine
psychology emphasized the importance of our basic anxiety, which is _____.
Question 12 According to humanists,
personality is
Question 13 In social-cognitive theory,
expectancies are
Question 14 The social-cognitive
perspective of personality development is associated with which approach to
therapy?
Question 15 An extension of behaviorism
that includes roles for internal mental processes and the influences of other
people on our behavior is called
Question 16 Who are the two main
contributors to the humanistic perspective?
Question 17 In the five-factor models of
personality, which two traits parallel two of Eysenck’s traits?
Question 18 Which part of the personality
might be described as “the great compromiser”?
Question 19 In social-lcognitive theory,
all but which of the following play a role in explaining personality?
Question 20 In humanistic theory of Rogers
and Maslow, personality is best described as
Question 1 In comparison to psychodynamic
and behaviorist explanations of human behavior and thought processes,
humanistic theory
Question 2 Amy is from a collectivistic
culture. Compared to her cousin Andre, who is from an individualistic culture,
Amy is MORE likely to value which of the following?
Question 3 According to humanists,
personality is
Question 4 The idea of reciprocal
determinism was developed by
Question 5 Herschel believes that he will
be able to perform the behaviors necessary for him to succeed at college.
Bandura used the term ______ to describe Herschel’s beliefs.
Question 6 In personality testing, selfreport
personality inventories are also known as
Question 7 Which neoFreudian raised the
idea that men may experience “womb envy”?
Question 8 On the Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory, the number of items scored in the same direction as the
diagnostic group are converted into
Question 9 Which type of learning did
Bandura emphasize in his socialcognitive theory?
Question 10 Emilio’s therapist says that
Emilio’s personality is fixated at the earliest stage of development. In
layman’s terms, the therapist means that Emilio’s personality is ______ at the
earlier stage.
Question 11 The combination of
psychological characteristics and behavior patterns that characterize the uniqueness
of an individual and the ways in which the individual relates to the world and
adapts to environmental demands is called
Question 12 Emma’s sense of who or what she
should be is her
Question 13 In applying the concept of
building selfesteem in our personal lives, most of the skills valued in our
society are
Question 14 According to the text, Parvati
can enhance her selfesteem by doing all but which of the following?
Question 15 Which of the following best
describes Bandura’s ideas about the relationship between behavior, cognition,
and environment?
Question 16 In humanistic theory of Rogers
and Maslow, personality is best described as
Question 17 According to Adler, because of
their small size and limited abilities, all children harbor feelings of
Question 18 Which of the following is most
likely in Freud’s phallic stage of development?
Question 19 ________ consists of 567 truefalse
items that produce scores on 10 clinical scales and additional scales measuring
other personality dimensions and response tendencies.
Question 20 In Freudian theory, different
parts of the body associated with sexual pleasure are referred to as
Question 1 In Freudian theory, the failure
to acknowledge a threatening impulse or desire is called
Question 2 Allport proposed ______ types of
traits in the personality, and they are called _____.
Question 3 In _____, people are presented
with a set of ambiguous stimuli that produce responses that must be interpreted
by the examiner.
Question 4 It is often said of substance
abusers that the first step in recovery is admitting they have a problem. In
Freudian terms, we might say they need to overcome
Question 5 A(n) ______ culture is one that
emphasizes social roles and obligations.
Question 6 Regarding selfefficacy, which
of the following statements is FALSE?
Question 7 Karen Horney’s feminine
psychology emphasized the importance of our basic anxiety, which is _____.
Question 8 Herschel believes that he will
be able to perform the behaviors necessary for him to succeed at college.
Bandura used the term ______ to describe Herschel’s beliefs.
Question 9 Which of the following is most
likely in Freud’s latency stage of development?
Question 10 Federico is a perfectionist
with a strong need for selfcontrol, order, and cleanliness. Freud would
describe Federico as having a(n)
Question 11 Jung believed that similarities
among cultures in dream images, art, and religious symbols are an essential
part of the
Question 12 Rogers used the term ______ to
describe acceptance of a person’s basic worth under any circumstance.
Question 13 A culture in which the sense of
self is tied to personal accomplishments s best described as
Question 14 Regarding Freud’s
psychoanalytic theory, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Question 15 An individual’s general belief
about his or her ability to obtain reinforcements is referred to as
Question 16 In socialcognitive theory,
expectancies are
Question 17 The primary contributors to
socialcognitive theory are
Question 18 An extension of behaviorism
that includes roles for internal mental processes and the influences of other
people on our behavior is called
Question 19 Which neoFreudian raised the
idea that men may experience “womb envy”?
Question 20 Psychologist Walter Mischel
emphasizes the importance of selfregulatory systems and plans, by which is
meant _____.
Question 1 Rorschach test is to ______ as
Thematic Apperception Test is to ______.
Question 2 From Freud’s perspective, a boy
resolves his Oedipus complex by
Question 3 After sixyearold Samantha’s
baby brother was born, she started to have temper tantrums the way she had when
she was two. This may be a case of
Question 4 In the humanistic perspective,
realization of one’s own potential is known as
Question 5 Cybill takes a personality test
based on Eysenck’s theory and finds that her “type” is extravertedstable.
Which description most likely fits Cybill?
Question 6 Projective personality tests
have been criticized on the basis of each of the following EXCEPT _____.
Question 7 Socialcognitive theorists
believe that personality is
Question 8 An extension of behaviorism that
includes roles for internal mental processes and the influences of other people
on our behavior is called
Question 9 An individual’s general belief
about his or her ability to obtain reinforcements is referred to as
Question 10 In Freudian theory, the level
of consciousness that corresponds to our current level of awareness is the
Question 11 Socialcognitive theorist
Mischel’s most recent work focuses on
Question 12 Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
posits that the superego consists of _____.
Question 13 Who developed the Thematic
Apperception Test?
Question 14 Raymond Cattell thought that
surface traits are _____.
Question 15 In Freudian theory, the failure
to acknowledge a threatening impulse or desire is called
Question 16 Which part of the personality
might be described as “the great compromiser”?
Question 17 According to Allport, secondary
traits
Question 18 William has set a series of
goals for himself that are practically unachievable, and his selfesteem drops
each time he fails to meet one of his goals. William needs to know that _____.
Question 19 The belief that people’s
character and mental abilities could be judged by the patterns of bumps on
their skull is called
Question 20 In comparison to psychodynamic
and behaviorist explanations of human behavior and thought processes,
humanistic theory
Using an iceberg analogy, the tip of the iceberg
is most like which level of consciousness in Freud’s theory?
Darius scores high on psychoticism. In which way
is Darius likely to be perceived by others?
Carl Rogers’ theory suggests that self-esteem is
a function of how closely we come to matching our self-ideals, which are _____.
Regarding Freud’s view on personality
development, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Psychologist Walter Mischel emphasizes the
importance of self-regulatory systems and plans, by which is meant _____.
Wanda takes a personality test in which she is
required to tell stories in response to a series of ambiguous pictures? Which
test is Wanda taking?
A culture in which the sense of self is tied to
personal accomplishments s best described as
From a psychoanalytic perspective, someone with
a very strong sense of morality might be described as having a very strong
An extension of behaviorism that includes roles
for internal mental processes and the influences of other people on our
behavior is called
According to Freud, most of the human mind
resides in the ______, and primitive sexual and aggressive instincts lie in the
______.
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1.
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Regarding the definition of personality, all but which
of the following belong?
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A)
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Relatively unstable
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B)
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Psychological characteristics
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C)
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Behavioral patterns
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D)
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Accounting for individuality and consistency
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E)
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Environmental adaptation
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2.
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Freud developed an approach to personality called ______ theory.
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A)
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psychoanalytic
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B)
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trait
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C)
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social-cognitive
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D)
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humanistic
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E)
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levels of consciousness
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3.
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In Freudian theory, the level of consciousness that
corresponds to our current level of awareness is the
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A)
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unconscious.
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B)
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conscious.
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C)
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preconscious.
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D)
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superego.
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E)
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ego.
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4.
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Using an iceberg analogy, the tip of the iceberg is
most like which level of consciousness in Freud's theory?
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A)
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Preconscious
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B)
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Unconscious
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C)
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Ego
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D)
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Conscious
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E)
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Superego
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5.
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Id, ego, and superego refer to which component of
psychoanalytic theory?
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A)
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They describe the levels of consciousness.
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B)
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They are types of defense mechanisms.
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C)
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They describe the stages of psychosexual development.
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D)
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They are methods of psychoanalytic therapy.
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E)
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They describe the structure of personality.
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6.
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Using the iceberg analogy, which personality
structure(s) lies completely below the water?
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A)
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Superego and ego
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B)
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Ego and id
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C)
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Superego and id
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D)
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Superego only
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E)
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Id only
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7.
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From the psychoanalytic perspective, it is possible
for a person to unconsciously banish unacceptable wishes, urges, and
impulses. This type of motivated forgetting, thought by Freud to be a primary
defense mechanism, is called
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A)
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sublimation.
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B)
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repression.
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C)
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regression.
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D)
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reaction formation.
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E)
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projection.
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8.
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According to Freud, the purpose of defense mechanisms
is to
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A)
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satisfy the id.
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B)
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destroy the id.
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C)
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prevent threatening thoughts from attaining awareness.
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D)
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unite the id and superego.
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E)
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protect the superego from troubling impulses.
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9.
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After 6-year-old Samantha's baby brother was born, she
started to have temper tantrums the way she had when she was two. This may be
a case of
|
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A)
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repression.
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B)
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regression.
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C)
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projection.
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D)
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displacement.
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E)
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sublimation.
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10.
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Ingmar's boss ridiculed him in front of the whole
office. When Ingmar returns home, he yells at his wife and children and kicks
his dog. This is an example of
|
|
A)
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projection.
|
|
B)
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reaction formation.
|
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C)
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regression.
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D)
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displacement.
|
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E)
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sublimation.
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11.
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It is often said of substance abusers that the first
step in recovery is admitting they have a problem. In Freudian terms, we
might say they need to overcome
|
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A)
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projection.
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B)
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denial.
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C)
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reaction formation.
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D)
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rationalization.
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E)
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displacement.
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12.
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Angela unconsciously despises old people. Yet, she
volunteers two days each week at a retirement home. This is a classic case of
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A)
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regression.
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B)
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displacement.
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C)
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reaction formation.
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D)
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sublimation.
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E)
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projection.
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13.
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Rapists sometimes defend their actions by saying, “she
asked for it.” This is an example of
|
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A)
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denial.
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B)
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displacement.
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C)
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sublimation.
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D)
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projection.
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E)
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regression.
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14.
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Rodina has suffered from substance abuse for many
years. She stopped using and now competes in extreme sports. She may be
demonstrating
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A)
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projection.
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B)
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displacement.
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C)
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rationalization.
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D)
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regression.
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E)
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sublimation.
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15.
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Ruth has conflicting feelings about getting married
that she has not allowed to enter her consciousness. On the night before her
wedding, Ruth says, “Tomorrow I'm going to my funeral.” Ruth's comment is an
example of a(n)
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A)
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displacement.
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B)
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projection.
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C)
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rationalization.
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D)
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inferiority complex.
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E)
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Freudian slip.
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16.
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What is the correct ordering of Freud's psychosexual
stages of development?
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A)
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Anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital
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B)
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Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
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C)
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Oral, anal, latency, phallic, genital
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D)
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Oral, phallic, anal, latency, genital
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E)
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Anal, oral, phallic, latency, genital
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17.
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Jung believed that similarities among cultures in
dream images, art, and religious symbols are explained by the
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A)
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personal unconscious.
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B)
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collective unconscious.
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C)
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creative self.
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D)
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cultural consciousness.
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E)
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reality principle.
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18.
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Mahatma Gandhi's lifelong commitment to non-violent
solutions to social problems would likely be considered an example of a(n)
______ trait.
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A)
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ordinal
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B)
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central
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C)
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secondary
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D)
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cardinal
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E)
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primary
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19.
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In Allport's view, cardinal traits are
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A)
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the most pervasive characteristics of one's
personality.
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B)
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basic building blocks of personality.
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C)
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specific preferences.
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D)
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fluctuating patterns of behavior.
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E)
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superficial traits inferred from observation.
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20.
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Allport proposed ______ types of traits in the
personality, and they are called _____.
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A)
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2; internal and external locus of control
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B)
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5; neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness,
and conscientiousness
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C)
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3; introversion-extraversion, neuroticism, and
psychoticism
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D)
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2; surface and source traits
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E)
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3; cardinal, central, and secondary traits
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21.
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_____'s model of personality describes personality in
terms of three major traits: introversion-extraversion, neuroticism, and
psychoticism.
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A)
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Cattell
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B)
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Eysenck
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C)
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Allport
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D)
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Freud
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E)
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Jung
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22.
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Cathleen takes the 16PF test of personality. This test
will measure Cathleen's _____ traits.
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A)
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source
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B)
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surface
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C)
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central
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D)
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primary
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E)
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cardinal
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23.
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Current research on the “factors” of personality
suggests that there are _____ major personality factors that best describe
human personality.
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A)
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thousands of
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B)
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hundreds of
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C)
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twenty-four
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D)
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sixteen
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E)
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five
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24.
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The construct of
______represents the belief that behavior involves an
interrelationship between personality traits and situational factors.
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A)
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eclecticism
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B)
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interactive associationism
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C)
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reciprocal determinism
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D)
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self-efficacy expectations
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E)
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interactionism
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25.
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The idea of reciprocal determinism was developed by
|
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A)
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Bandura.
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B)
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Rotter.
|
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C)
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Skinner.
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D)
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Cattell.
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E)
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Mischel.
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26.
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Which of the following best describes Bandura's ideas
about the relationship between behavior, cognition, and environment?
|
|
A)
|
Cognitions, behaviors, and the environment mutually
influence each other.
|
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B)
|
Cognitions influence behaviors that, in turn,
influence the environment.
|
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C)
|
Behaviors influence cognitions that, in turn,
influence the environment.
|
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D)
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The environment and cognitions jointly influence
behavior.
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E)
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The environment influences cognitions and behavior.
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27.
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Who are the two main contributors to the humanistic
perspective?
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A)
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Jung and Adler
|
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B)
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Bandura and Rotter
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C)
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Cattell and Allport
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D)
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Murray and Rorschach
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E)
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Maslow and Rogers
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28.
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According to humanists, personality is
|
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A)
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one's consistent manner of behavior.
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B)
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the interaction between genes and environment.
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C)
|
the expression of conscious experience of directing
ourselves towards achieving our own unique potentials.
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D)
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determined by reinforcement and punishment.
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E)
|
based on a hierarchy of pervasive characteristics.
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29.
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Roger used the term ______ to describe acceptance of a
person's basic worth under any circumstance.
|
|
A)
|
unconditional positive regard
|
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B)
|
self-actualization
|
|
C)
|
self-esteem
|
|
D)
|
subjective value
|
|
E)
|
conditional positive regard
|
|
30.
|
Generalizing from Roger's ideas about positive regard,
which tactic should parents take with their children?
|
|
A)
|
Prize their children regardless of their behavior at
any particular time.
|
|
B)
|
Accept all of their children's behavior.
|
|
C)
|
Bestow approval on their children only when they
behave properly.
|
|
D)
|
Teach their children to judge their behavior based on
whether or not they meet other people's expectations.
|
|
E)
|
Reward their children for appropriate behavior and
ignore their inappropriate behavior.
|
|
31.
|
The belief that people's character and mental
abilities could be judged by the patterns of bumps on their skull is called
|
|
A)
|
psychometrics.
|
|
B)
|
psychophysics.
|
|
C)
|
phrenology.
|
|
D)
|
psychokinesis.
|
|
E)
|
projective testing.
|
|
32.
|
______ are the most widely used method for learning
about personality today.
|
|
A)
|
Formal personality tests
|
|
B)
|
Case studies
|
|
C)
|
Observational techniques
|
|
D)
|
Experimental studies
|
|
E)
|
Phrenological studies
|
|
33.
|
A(n) ______ culture is one that emphasizes social
roles and obligations.
|
|
A)
|
archetypal
|
|
B)
|
self-actualized
|
|
C)
|
individualistic
|
|
D)
|
humanistic
|
|
E)
|
collectivistic
|
|
34.
|
Jacob and his friends like to lie around on summer
days, stare up at the clouds, and tell each other what they see in the
clouds. Their activity is most like which test of personality?
|
|
A)
|
The Thematic Apperception Test
|
|
B)
|
The Minnesota
Multiphasic Personality Inventory
|
|
C)
|
The Rorschach test
|
|
D)
|
The 16PF
|
|
E)
|
The Eysenck Personality Inventory
|
|
35.
|
Wanda takes a personality test in which she is required
to tell stories in response to a series of ambiguous pictures? Which test is
Wanda taking?
|
|
A)
|
Rorschach test
|
|
B)
|
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
|
|
C)
|
Eysenck Personality Inventory
|
|
D)
|
Thematic Apperception Test
|
|
E)
|
16PF
|
1.
The combination of all psychological characteristics and behavior patterns that
define an individual and characterize the ways in which that individual relates
to the world and adapts to demands constitutes the
a)
ego.
b)
personality.
c)
cognition.
d)
superego.
e)
temperament.
2.
Freud's theory is called psychodynamic theory because it deals with the dynamic
struggle that takes place between
a)
mothers and sons.
b)
good and bad people.
c)
fathers and sons.
d)
unconscious forces within the mind.
e)
parents and children.
3.
Freud developed an approach to personality called
a)
psychoanalytic theory.
b)
trait theory.
c)
social-cognitive theory.
d)
humanistic theory.
e)
levels-of-consciousness theory.
4.
You meet a psychologist who explains behavior in terms of defense mechanisms
and psychosexual stages. This psychologist represents which view of
personality?
a)
Trait
b)
Social-cognitive
c)
Humanist
d)
Psychoanalytic
e)
Levels-of-consciousness
5.
From the famous French neurologist Jean Martin Charcot, Freud got the idea that
if hysterical symptoms could be removed by hypnotic suggestion, then they must
be
a)
the result of trauma.
b)
faked.
c)
psychological in nature.
d)
subject to conscious control.
e)
nothing to worry about.
6.
Freud's belief that we share with nonhuman animals the goal of survival is
demonstrated in his conceptualization of the
a)
levels of consciousness.
b)
id, ego, and superego.
c)
sexual and aggressive instincts.
d)
psychosexual stages.
e)
Oedipus complex.
7.
In Freudian theory, the level of consciousness that corresponds to our current
level of awareness is the
a)
unconscious.
b)
conscious.
c)
preconscious.
d)
superego.
e)
ego.
8.
In the iceberg analogy, the tip of the iceberg is most like which level of
consciousness in Freud's theory?
a)
Preconscious
b)
Unconscious
c)
Ego
d)
Conscious
e)
Subconscious
9.
According to Freud, most of the human mind resides in the ________, and
primitive sexual and aggressive instincts lie in the ________.
a)
preconscious; unconscious
b)
unconscious; unconscious
c)
conscious; preconscious
d)
unconscious; preconscious
e)
conscious; unconscious
10.
According to Freudian theory, when you are asked to recall your phone number,
you access your
a)
unconscious.
b)
preconscious.
c)
conscious.
d)
superego.
e)
defense mechanisms.
11.
In psychoanalytic theory, animal drives and instinctual pleasures are thought
to be contained in the
a)
id.
b)
ego.
c)
superego.
d)
alter ego.
e)
preconscious.
12.
The terms id, ego, and superego refer to which component of
psychoanalytic theory?
a)
They describe the levels of consciousness.
b)
They are types of defense mechanisms.
c)
They describe the stages of psychosexual development.
d)
They are methods of psychoanalytic therapy.
e)
They describe the structure of personality.
13.
Freud might say that someone who was displaying excessive aggression was acting
according to his or her
a)
id.
b)
ego.
c)
superego.
d)
conscience.
e)
reality principle.
14.
In psychoanalytic theory, ________ is to reality principle as ________ is to
pleasure principle.
a)
ego; superego
b)
superego; id
c)
id; ego
d)
superego; ego
e)
ego; id
15.
In psychoanalytic theory, the personality structure that organizes ways to
handle delays of gratification is the
a)
ego.
b)
id.
c)
superego.
d)
conscience.
e)
unconscious.
16.
At the toy store, Tamika's ego was evident when she
a)
got upset because she couldn't reach a toy on the upper shelf.
b)
cried, "I'm thirsty. I want a drink now!"
c)
pointed to a doll and said, "I want that."
d)
agreed to wait until her birthday, next week, for the tricycle.
e)
threw a temper tantrum because she had to get out of the toy fire engine when
it was time to leave.
17.
In the iceberg analogy, which personality structure(s) lie(s) completely below
the water?
a)
Both the superego and the ego
b)
Both the ego and the id
c)
Both the superego and the id
d)
Only the superego
e)
Only the id
18.
Frank says, "My conscience is bothering me." Using Freud's
terminology, we would say that Frank is referring to his
a)
superego.
b)
ego.
c)
id.
d)
conscious.
e)
unconscious.
19.
From a psychoanalytic perspective, someone with a very strong sense of morality
might be described as having a very strong
a)
id.
b)
superego.
c)
ego.
d)
preconscious.
e)
conscious.
20.
Which part of the personality might be described as "the great
compromiser"?
a)
The self-concept
b)
The unconscious
c)
The superego
d)
The ego
e)
The id
21.
The superego imposes punishment in the form of
a)
anxiety.
b)
fear or dread.
c)
guilt or shame.
d)
disappointment.
e)
feelings of sadness.
22.
According to Freud, the major defense mechanism is
a)
denial.
b)
rationalization.
c)
repression.
d)
sublimation.
e)
reaction formation.
23.
In psychoanalytic terms, motivated forgetting is also known as
a)
sublimation.
b)
repression.
c)
regression.
d)
reaction formation.
e)
projection.
24.
Paul forgets to call his mother-in-law on her birthday. He says it just slipped
his mind. In the Freudian view, this type of forgetting may represent the
defense mechanism of
a)
repression.
b)
sublimation.
c)
rationalization.
d)
reaction formation.
e)
displacement.
25.
According to Freud, the purpose of defense mechanisms is to
a)
satisfy the id.
b)
destroy the id.
c)
prevent threatening thoughts from attaining awareness.
d)
unite the id and superego.
e)
protect the superego from troubling impulses.
26.
Regression is
a)
keeping unacceptable thoughts from awareness.
b)
refusing to recognize a threatening thought.
c)
the use of self-justifications to explain unacceptable behavior.
d)
the return of behavior that is typical of earlier stages of development.
e)
channeling unacceptable impulses into acceptable behaviors.
27.
After 6-year-old Samantha's baby brother was born, she asked to drink from a
bottle, just like baby Simon. This may be a case of
a)
repression.
b)
regression.
c)
projection.
d)
displacement.
e)
sublimation.
28.
Ingmar's boss ridiculed him in front of the whole office. When Ingmar returns
home, he yells at his wife and children and kicks his dog. This is an example
of
a)
projection.
b)
reaction formation.
c)
regression.
d)
displacement.
e)
sublimation.
29.
Refusing to acknowledge a threatening impulse or desire is
a)
rationalization.
b)
regression.
c)
projection.
d)
denial.
e)
reaction formation.
30.
It is often said of substance abusers that the first step in recovery is
admitting they have a problem. In Freudian terms, we might say they need to
overcome
a)
projection.
b)
denial.
c)
reaction formation.
d)
rationalization.
e)
displacement.
31.
The politician who campaigned most vigorously against gay marriage in his state
is exposed as being secretly gay. This scenario appears to be in line with
which defense mechanism?
a)
Regression
b)
Displacement
c)
Reaction formation
d)
Sublimation
e)
Projection
32.
When his wife asked him why he drinks so much, Joey said, "I don't drink
too much. I only drink socially. I happen to be a very social guy and so I'm
always around other people." Joey appears to justify his drinking with
which defense mechanism?
a)
Projection
b)
Repression
c)
Sublimation
d)
Rationalization
e)
Reaction formation
33.
Attributing one's own impulses or wishes to another is called
a)
projection.
b)
sublimation.
c)
displacement.
d)
rationalization.
e)
reaction formation.
34.
Rapists sometimes defend their actions by saying their victim acted toward them
in a sexually provocative manner. This is an example of
a)
denial.
b)
displacement.
c)
sublimation.
d)
projection.
e)
regression.
35.
Unlike other young children, Benny was never bothered by the sight of blood. In
fact, it fascinated him. Later, as a teen, he loved gory movies. Now, as an
adult, he writes horror-filled books that are best sellers. Benny appears to be
demonstrating which defense mechanism?
a)
Projection
b)
Displacement
c)
Rationalization
d)
Regression
e)
Sublimation
36.
Ruth has conflicting feelings about getting married that she has not allowed to
enter her consciousness. On the night before her wedding, when her mother asks
what time they need to be ready to leave the house, Ruth answers, "The
hearse will be here at 9 o'clock." Ruth's comment is an example of a(n)
a)
displacement.
b)
projection.
c)
rationalization.
d)
inferiority complex.
e)
Freudian slip.
37.
Regarding Freud's view on personality development, which of the following
statements is FALSE?
a)
Freud believed that physical activities connected to basic life functions are
essentially sexual in nature.
b)
Freud believed that personality is formed through five stages of development.
c)
Freud believed that each stage of personality development involves a shift in
the focus of erogenous zones.
d)
Freud believed that the stages of personality development are related to the
ways in which children seek pleasure from sexually sensitive parts of the body.
e)
Freud believed that boys develop womb envy and girls develop penis envy.
38.
In Freudian theory, different parts of the body associated with sexual pleasure
are referred to as
a)
erogenous zones.
b)
fixations.
c)
archetypes.
d)
defense mechanisms.
e)
levels of consciousness.
39.
The psychoanalytic perspective suggests that too much or too little
gratification at a psychosexual stage may result in
a)
an inferiority complex.
b)
repression.
c)
reaction formation.
d)
fixation.
e)
regression.
40.
Emilio's therapist says that Emilio's personality is fixated at the earliest
stage of development. In lay terms, the therapist means that Emilio's
personality is
a)
obsessed with the earliest stage.
b)
overly sentimental.
c)
completely formed by the earliest stage.
d)
functioning optimally.
e)
stuck at the earliest stage.
41.
What is the correct ordering of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?
a)
Anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital
b)
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
c)
Oral, anal, latency, phallic, genital
d)
Oral, phallic, anal, latency, genital
e)
Anal, oral, phallic, latency, genital
42.
According to Freud, the Oedipus conflict arises during which stage of
psychosexual development?
a)
Anal
b)
Phallic
c)
Latency
d)
Genital
e)
Oral
43.
On their first date, which was to see a play at a theater, Angela decided that
Alex had an anal-expulsive personality because
a)
of how perfectly his tie was knotted.
b)
when he opened his wallet to pay for the tickets, she saw that his credit cards
were alphabetized.
c)
he smelled so clean.
d)
he wore mismatched socks.
e)
he kept quiet when a woman behind them was making comments during the show.
44.
Frederico is a perfectionist with a strong need for self-control, order, and
cleanliness. Freud would describe Frederico as having a(n)
a)
orally fixated personality.
b)
anal-retentive personality.
c)
anal-expulsive personality.
d)
inferiority complex.
e)
drive for superiority.
45.
Francis is passive, clingy, and dependent, with a pessimistic outlook on life.
In which psychosexual stage might Francis be fixated?
a)
Genital
b)
Oral
c)
Latency
d)
Phallic
e)
Anal
46.
From Freud's perspective, a boy resolves his Oedipus complex by
a)
forsaking incestuous desires for his mother and taking on an identification
with her.
b)
unconsciously blaming his mother for bringing him into the world "ill
equipped" to deal with life's problems, and then forgiving her.
c)
unconsciously blaming his mother for bringing him into the world "ill
equipped" to deal with life's problems, and then identifying with his
father.
d)
developing the ability to control elimination.
e)
forsaking incestuous desires for his mother and identifying with his father.
47.
Emmanuel teaches fourth graders. At which stage of psychosexual development can
Emmanuel expect the majority of his students to be?
a)
Phallic
b)
Anal
c)
Oral
d)
Genital
e)
Latency
48.
A major contribution of Jung to the psychodynamic approach was his belief in
a)
castration anxiety.
b)
penis envy.
c)
an Electra complex.
d)
a collective unconscious.
e)
the creative self.
49.
Among neo-Freudians, ________ is to analytical psychology as ________ is to
individual psychology.
a)
Jung; Adler
b)
Jung; Horney
c)
Adler; Jung
d)
Horney; Jung
e)
Horney; Adler
50.
Which of the following is the best definition of the term archetype?
a)
The self-aware part of the personality that organizes goal-seeking efforts
b)
A constellation of personality traits characteristic of a particular stage of
psychosexual development
c)
A relatively enduring personal characteristic
d)
A deep-seated form of anxiety associated with feelings of being helpless in a
threatening and hostile world
e)
A primitive image that reflects ancestral or universal human experiences
51.
Jung believed that similarities among cultures in dream images, art, and
religious symbols are explained by the
a)
personal unconscious.
b)
collective unconscious.
c)
creative self.
d)
cultural consciousness.
e)
reality principle.
52.
Compared to Freud, Jung placed greater emphasis on all of the following EXCEPT
a)
present experience.
b)
conscious processes.
c)
pursuit of self-directed goals.
d)
infantile and childhood experiences.
e)
self-awareness.
53.
Ali is short, is thin, and has a pock-marked face. He wishes he were as tall as
everyone else in his seventh-grade class and that his skin were clear.
Nevertheless, with conscious effort, he has managed to become the most popular
student in class by cultivating a sense of humor and an easygoing manner. Adler
might say that Ali is manifesting which of the following?
a)
Basic hostility
b)
Basic anxiety
c)
Reaction formation
d)
A drive for superiority
e)
An inferiority complex
54.
According to Adler, because of their small size and limited abilities, all
children harbor feelings of
a)
eroticism.
b)
inferiority.
c)
hostility.
d)
penis envy or castration anxiety.
e)
anxiety.
55.
Which neo-Freudian raised the idea that men may experience "womb envy"?
a)
Charcot
b)
Adler
c)
Jung
d)
Erikson
e)
Horney
56.
Which neo-Freudian is associated with concepts such as "inferiority
complex" and "creative self"?
a)
Alfred Adler
b)
Erik Erikson
c)
Carl Jung
d)
Mary Cover Jones
e)
Karen Horney
57.
In Karen Horney's theory of personality development, children may develop a
form of deep resentment toward their parents. Horney labeled this
a)
basic anxiety.
b)
basic hostility.
c)
infantile regression.
d)
drive for superiority.
e)
parental displacement.
58.
The major contribution of Freud and later psychodynamic thinkers is considered
to be their focus on the
a)
unconscious mind.
b)
sexual and aggressive instincts of people.
c)
basic hostility that children harbor toward their parents.
d)
role of social relationships in the development of personality.
e)
feelings of inferiority that all children feel.
59.
The greatest limitation of psychodynamic theory, according to the text, is
which of the following?
a)
An overemphasis on conscious motivation
b)
The progression and timing of the psychosexual stages
c)
The lack of representativeness of the case studies
d)
The difficulty inherent in putting its concepts to a scientific test
e)
The belief that all children experience an Oedipus complex
60.
Describe the eight defense mechanisms, and give an example of each.
61.
Summarize Freud's view of the structure of personality.
62.
Describe Freud's psychosexual stages of development, including the approximate
ages, erogenous zones, and sources of conflict associated with each.
63.
Stable and enduring personal characteristics are called
a)
habits.
b)
tendencies.
c)
traits.
d)
types.
e)
genes.
64.
Which of the following is true about traits?
a)
Traits cannot be used to differentiate people.
b)
Traits are not measurable.
c)
Traits are specific to situations.
d)
Traits are changeable characteristics.
e)
Traits can be used to predict behavior.
65.
Who believed that personality traits are physical entities located in the
brain?
a)
Allport
b)
Freud
c)
Adler
d)
Jung
e)
Eysenck
66.
Mahatma Gandhi's commitment to nonviolent solutions to social problems is an
example of what kind of trait?
a)
Ordinal
b)
Central
c)
Secondary
d)
Cardinal
e)
Primary
67.
In Allport's view, cardinal traits are
a)
the most pervasive characteristics of one's personality.
b)
basic building blocks of personality.
c)
specific preferences.
d)
fluctuating patterns of behavior.
e)
superficial traits inferred from observation.
68.
Allport proposed ________ types of traits in the personality, and they are
called ________.
a)
two; internal and external locus of control
b)
five; neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness
c)
three; introversion-extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism
d)
two; surface and source traits
e)
three; cardinal, central, and secondary traits
69.
Which of the following people is describing a secondary trait in Allport's
model?
a)
Antwone, who says, "I am a spiritual person, and the only thing important
to me is becoming a priest."
b)
Bettina, who says, "I like rap music, and I don't like country
music."
c)
Cuaron, who says, "My friends say that my basic quality is that I am generous."
d)
Deva, who says, "I'm a creative person."
e)
Evita, who says, "I like playing soccer because I'm a very competitive
person in everything I do."
70.
According to Allport, secondary traits
a)
reflect superficial differences between people.
b)
compete with primary traits for dominance.
c)
are the most pervasive components of personality.
d)
are the basic building blocks of personality.
e)
have a widespread influence across many situations.
71.
In Cattell's model, characteristics of personality that can be inferred from
behavior are called
a)
archetypes.
b)
source traits.
c)
central traits.
d)
surface traits.
e)
factors.
72.
Cathleen takes the 16PF test of personality. This test will measure Cathleen's
_______ traits.
a)
source
b)
surface
c)
central
d)
primary
e)
cardinal
73.
Who developed the 16PF personality test?
a)
Eysenck
b)
Cattell
c)
Allport
d)
Jung
e)
Bandura
74.
In a study of the 16PF results of writers, airline pilots, and creative
artists, writers scored higher than creative artists and airline pilots on
which factors of personality?
a)
Outgoing and happy-go-lucky
b)
Self-sufficient and conscientious
c)
Intelligent and dominant
d)
Controlled and emotionally stable
e)
Sensitive and imaginative
75.
Which theorist's model of personality describes personality in terms of three
major traits: introversion-extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism?
a)
Cattell
b)
Eysenck
c)
Allport
d)
Freud
e)
Jung
76.
Evelyn takes a personality test that measures the following personality traits:
introversion-extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism. Which test has Evelyn
taken?
a)
The 16PF
b)
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
c)
The Rorschach
d)
The Thematic Apperception Test
e)
The Eysenck Personality Inventory
77.
Which of the following people is most likely to be labeled introverted-stable
on the Eysenck Personality Inventory?
a)
Ira, who makes friends easily and is very laid-back and relaxed
b)
Maude, who is shy and anxious
c)
Jake, who considers himself a "party animal," is restless, and has
volatile mood swings
d)
Kwame, who doesn't like to socialize with others and tends to worry a lot
e)
Allyson, who likes to be by herself and is calm and even-tempered
78.
In Eysenck's model, stable is to neurotic as
a)
introvert is to extravert.
b)
outgoing is to unsociable.
c)
restless is to calm.
d)
even-tempered is to emotional.
e)
extravert is to psychotic.
79.
Darius scores high on psychoticism. In which way is Darius likely to be
perceived by others?
a)
Warm and concerned about others
b)
Tense, anxious, and moody
c)
Solitary, reserved, and unsociable
d)
Relaxed, calm, and even-tempered
e)
Antisocial, hostile, and insensitive
80.
Which of the following statements is true about Eysenck's model of personality?
a)
According to Eysenck, there are three basic personality types.
b)
Eysenck's trait model is more complicated than Cattell's.
c)
Eysenck developed a personality inventory called the 16PF.
d)
Eysenck believed that introverts inherit a nervous system that operates at a
lower level of arousal than that of extraverts.
e)
Eysenck believed that biological differences are responsible for variations in
personality traits.
81.
Cybill takes the Eysenck Personality Inventory and finds that her
"type" is extraverted-stable. Which description most likely fits
Cybill?
a)
Reliable, even-tempered, and calm
b)
Passive, careful, and thoughtful
c)
Moody, anxious, and rigid
d)
Impulsive, optimistic, and active
e)
Lively, carefree, and sociable
82.
In research reported in the text, a group of mountain climbers scored which
pattern on the EPI?
a)
High extraversion, high neuroticism
b)
High psychoticism, low extraversion, high neuroticism
c)
Low extraversion, low neuroticism
d)
High extraversion, low neuroticism
e)
Low extraversion, high neuroticism
83.
The most widely adopted trait model of personality today is the
a)
self-actualization model.
b)
Cattell sixteen-trait model.
c)
Allport hierarchical model.
d)
five-factor model.
e)
Eysenck three-trait model.
84.
Dr. Provost lectures to her psychology class on the "Big Five." What
is the topic of Provost's lecture?
a)
Freud's five psychosexual stages of personality development
b)
The five levels of Maslow's hierarchy
c)
The five pioneers of personality theory
d)
Five ways of measuring personality
e)
The five-factor model of personality
85.
In the five-factor model of personality, which two traits parallel two of
Eysenck's traits?
a)
Neuroticism and psychoticism
b)
Psychoticism and introversion
c)
Psychoticism and extraversion
d)
Extraversion and neuroticism
e)
Extraversion and introversion
86.
In order to remember the "Big Five" for a psychology test, Marianne
took the first letter in each of the five factors and combined them to make
which acronym?
a)
CRANE
b)
CANOE
c)
ANGST
d)
SCORN
e)
CAMEO
87.
Current research on the "factors" of personality suggests that there
are how many major personality factors that best describe human personality?
a)
Two
b)
Three
c)
Four
d)
Five
e)
Sixteen
88.
Sasha is a thrill-seeking risk-taker. He travels all over the world searching
for unique adventures. On that basis alone, Eysenck would probably surmise that
Sasha is
a)
introverted.
b)
extraverted.
c)
psychotic.
d)
neurotic.
e)
stable
89.
Tifara takes a personality test measuring the "Big Five" factors of
personality. Results from one of the test's subscales suggest that Tifara is
conforming, practical, and conventional. Which factor is being measured with
this subscale?
a)
Openness
b)
Neuroticism
c)
Conscientiousness
d)
Agreeableness
e)
Extraversion
90.
In the five-factor model of personality, the extent to which a person is
sensitive, warm, and tolerant versus callous, cold, and hostile is captured in
which personality factor?
a)
Extraversion
b)
Neuroticism
c)
Openness
d)
Conscientiousness
e)
Agreeableness
91.
Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between
personality traits and psychological outcomes?
a)
Conscientiousness is linked to a lower risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.
b)
Among college students, neuroticism is linked to higher grades.
c)
Extraversion is associated with lower levels of relationship satisfaction.
d)
Agreeableness is linked to aggressive driving.
e)
Neuroticism is associated with lower levels of test anxiety among college
students.
92.
A gene that regulates the neurotransmitter dopamine has been linked to which
personality trait?
a)
Novelty-seeking
b)
Aggression
c)
Introversion
d)
Conscientiousness
e)
Neuroticism
93.
The belief that behavior reflects both the ways in which situations affect
people's traits and the ways in which people's traits affect situations is
called
a)
eclecticism.
b)
phrenology.
c)
locus of control.
d)
reciprocal determinism.
e)
interactionism.
94.
Regarding the trait perspective on personality, which of the following
statements is FALSE?
a)
Recent research suggests that personality differences can be measured in
animals other than humans.
b)
Research supports the conclusion that personality factors tend to be relatively
stable over time.
c)
As people age, they tend to experience increasing levels of conscientiousness
and agreeableness.
d)
Personality tends to be fixed by the time people reach early adulthood.
e)
People act differently in different situations, but they also have typical ways
of acting that cut across situations.
95.
According to the text, the MAJOR criticism of trait theories is that they
a)
merely label rather than explaining personality.
b)
assume behavior is relatively stable.
c)
cannot be measured by psychological inventories.
d)
ignore situational influences.
e)
fail to capture the uniqueness of individuals.
96.
Summarize four trait perspectives on personality.
97.
Watson and Skinner believed that
a)
unconscious forces have a major influence on personality.
b)
all behavior is learned through either classical or operant conditioning.
c)
the environment plays little role in influencing personality.
d)
trait theories are the best description of personality.
e)
personality consists of the individual's behavior and ways of thinking about
the self and the world.
98.
An extension of behaviorism that includes internal mental processes and the
influences of other people on personality is called
a)
social-cognitive theory.
b)
cognitive dissonance theory.
c)
humanistic theory.
d)
psychodynamic theory.
e)
expectancy theory.
99.
Dr. Sloan, a behaviorist, was invited to give a lecture at a psychologists'
convention. He would be sharing the podium with four social-cognitive theorists
who would likewise be presenting a lecture. Below is the list of scheduled
lectures for the evening. Which of the topics is most likely to be Dr. Sloan's
lecture?
a)
How personality is shaped by the ways in which a person thinks about himself
b)
How expectancies that a person holds about the outcomes of his behavior
influences the personality
c)
How the value a person places on rewards can determine future behavior
d)
How to predict a person's behavior based solely on his history of rewards and
punishments
e)
How much learning occurs through imitation of others in social situations
100.
Social-cognitive theorists believe that personality consists of learned
behavior and
a)
nothing else.
b)
free choices that give meaning and personal direction to behavior.
c)
the ways that individuals think about themselves and the world.
d)
the drive to achieve one's full potential.
e)
unconscious impulses.
101.
The primary contributors to social-cognitive theory are
a)
Bandura, Rotter, and Mischel.
b)
Skinner, Watson, and Pavlov.
c)
Jung, Adler, and Horney.
d)
Allport, Eysenck, and Cattell.
e)
Maslow, Rogers, and Murray.
102.
In social-cognitive theory, expectancies are
a)
stable patterns of behavior across time and situations.
b)
a defense mechanism in which one's expectations keep one from recognizing one's
true motives.
c)
personal predictions about the outcome of behavior.
d)
how other people predict one's own behavior.
e)
values placed on desired outcomes.
103.
Which of the following students is demonstrating a positive expectancy about
schoolwork?
a)
Aston, who believes that studying will improve his chances of getting a good
grade
b)
Beth, who believes that studying will have no influence on her chances of
getting a good grade
c)
Chad, who places a high value on earning good grades
d)
Deanna, who doesn't care much whether or not she earns good grades
e)
Ernest, who expects he will earn good grades even if he does not do any
schoolwork
104.
In Rotter's theory, a subjective value is
a)
a measure of the importance of a trait.
b)
the worth placed on a desired outcome.
c)
other people's evaluation of one's personality.
d)
one's own evaluation of one's personality.
e)
the likelihood that a person will perform a behavior that she or he sets out to
accomplish.
105.
Which psychological instrument did Rotter develop?
a)
16PF
b)
Thematic Apperception Test
c)
Expectancy-Value Matrix
d)
Internal-External Scale
e)
Self-Efficacy Scale
106.
An individual's general belief about his or her ability to obtain
reinforcements is referred to as
a)
subjective value.
b)
objective value.
c)
locus of control.
d)
reciprocal determinism.
e)
self-efficacy.
107.
Sylvia has an internal locus of control, whereas Debbie has an external locus
of control. Compared to Debbie, Sylvia is more likely to
a)
continue eating high-fat, non-nutritious food.
b)
do poorly in school because she does not study.
c)
put her trust in fate and drive without a seatbelt.
d)
adapt an exercise regimen in an effort to become healthier.
e)
use a "lucky" pen when she takes her final exams.
108.
The idea of reciprocal determinism was developed by
a)
Bandura.
b)
Rotter.
c)
Skinner.
d)
Cattell.
e)
Mischel.
109.
Reciprocal determinism refers to the idea that
a)
perceptions of control and predictability determine how well a person copes.
b)
people are influenced by the belief that they can obtain reinforcements through
work and effort.
c)
behavior is influenced by both person variables and situational variables.
d)
cognitions, behaviors, and environmental factors influence each other.
e)
the value of a behavior is tied to the desired outcome of that behavior.
110.
Which of the following best describes Bandura's ideas about the relationship
among behavior, cognition, and environment?
a)
Cognitions, behaviors, and the environment mutually influence each other.
b)
Cognitions influence behaviors, which, in turn, influence the environment.
c)
Behaviors influence cognitions, which, in turn, influence the environment.
d)
The environment and cognitions jointly influence behavior.
e)
The environment influences cognitions and behavior.
111.
Which type of learning did Bandura emphasize in his social-cognitive theory?
a)
Operant conditioning
b)
Classical conditioning
c)
Latent learning
d)
Observational learning
e)
Insight learning
112.
Shawn is more likely to smoke marijuana in situations where he believes it will
make him relaxed than in situations where he feels he will make a fool of
himself. Shawn's ideas about smoking marijuana reflect his
a)
efficacy expectations.
b)
locus of control.
c)
self-esteem.
d)
individualism.
e)
outcome expectations.
113.
Herschel believes that he will be able to perform the behaviors necessary for
him to succeed at obtaining his bachelor's degree. Albert Bandura would
categorize Herschel's beliefs as
a)
locus of control.
b)
outcome expectations.
c)
efficacy expectations.
d)
reciprocal determinism.
e)
positive regard.
114.
Self-efficacy can handicap performance when it leads to
a)
an expectancy of failure.
b)
lowered subjective values.
c)
an external locus of control.
d)
an internal locus of control.
e)
overconfidence.
115.
The modeling aspect of Bandura's social-cognitive theory was put into practice
in Mexico and Tanzania to persuade people to follow the lead of models
demonstrating which respective behaviors?
a)
Being polite and voting
b)
Literacy and safe sex
c)
Recycling and being polite
d)
Safe sex and recycling
e)
Voting and literacy
116.
Which social-cognitive theorist argues that behavior is influenced by situation
variables and person variables?
a)
Walter Mischel
b)
Carl Jung
c)
Abraham Maslow
d)
Carl Rogers
e)
Alfred Adler
117.
In Mischel's theory, which person variable involves the ability to plan courses
of action to achieve goals and obtain rewards?
a)
Subjective values
b)
Self-regulatory systems and plans
c)
Expectancies
d)
Competencies
e)
Encoding strategies
118.
Social-cognitive theorist Mischel's most recent work focuses on the
a)
influence of childhood positive regard on adult development.
b)
role of locus of control in academic success.
c)
influence of outcome expectancies on efficacy expectations.
d)
interaction of emotions and situation variables.
e)
interaction of emotions and person variables.
119.
According to the text, the most important contribution of the social-cognitive
perspective has been
a)
cognitive-behavioral therapy.
b)
the development of psychological tests such as the Internal-External Scale.
c)
the idea that unconscious influences and genetically based traits can explain
much of human behavior.
d)
concepts such as locus of control and self-efficacy.
e)
the notion that people are active seekers and interpreters of information, not
just responders to environmental influences.
120.
Learning theory is to behavior therapy as social-cognitive theory is to
a)
cognitive therapy.
b)
client-centered therapy
c)
psychodynamic therapy
d)
behavior therapy
e)
cognitive-behavioral therapy
121.
Summarize three social-cognitive personality theories.
122.
Who are the two main contributors to the humanistic perspective?
a)
Jung and Adler
b)
Bandura and Rotter
c)
Cattell and Allport
d)
Murray and Rorschach
e)
Maslow and Rogers
123.
In the humanistic perspective, realization of one's own potential is known as
a)
reciprocal determinism.
b)
locus of control.
c)
self-efficacy.
d)
self-actualization.
e)
positive regard.
124.
The U.S. Army's slogan "Be all that you can be" is most consistent
with which concept from personality theory?
a)
Self-actualization
b)
Locus of control
c)
Projection
d)
Sublimation
e)
Openness
125.
According to humanistic psychologists, personality is
a)
one's consistent manner of behavior.
b)
the interaction between genes and environment.
c)
the conscious direction of one's self toward achieving his or her own unique
potential.
d)
determined by reinforcement and punishment.
e)
based on a hierarchy of pervasive characteristics.
126.
In comparison to psychodynamic and behaviorist explanations of human behavior
and thought processes, humanistic theory is
a)
more positive and includes the idea of free will.
b)
more negative but includes the idea of free will.
c)
more positive but discounts the idea of free will.
d)
more negative and discounts the idea of free will.
e)
neutral and unconcerned with issues of free will.
127.
The impressions you have of yourself are your ________, whereas the degree of
liking you have for yourself is your ________.
a)
self-theory; self-esteem
b)
self-awareness; self-esteem
c)
self-awareness; self-efficacy
d)
self-concept; self-esteem
e)
self-concept; self-evaluation
128.
Sonia showed her daughter CONDITIONAL positive regard when she said,
a)
"If you don't feel like going to dance class, you can skip it today."
b)
"If you hurry up, we can get to the movie before it starts."
c)
"If you share the doll with your sister, mommy will love you."
d)
"If you don't like this book, choose another one for mommy to read to
you."
e)
"If you ride the tricycle without looking where you're going, you might
crash and get hurt."
129.
Which term did Rogers use to describe acceptance of a person's basic worth
under any circumstance?
a)
Unconditional positive regard
b)
Self-actualization
c)
Self-esteem
d)
Subjective value
e)
Conditional positive regard
130.
Generalizing from Rogers's ideas about positive regard, which tactic should
parents take with their children?
a)
Prize their children regardless of their behavior at any particular time.
b)
Accept all of their children's behavior.
c)
Bestow approval on their children only when they behave properly.
d)
Teach their children to judge their behavior on the basis of whether or not
they meet other people's expectations.
e)
Reward their children for appropriate behavior and ignore their inappropriate
behavior.
131.
A group of friends take a test examining self-concept. Other factors being
equal, which person is likely to have the highest self-esteem?
a)
Dennis, who has a strong discrepancy between his present self and his ideal
self
b)
Bernadette, who has a moderate discrepancy between her present self and her
ideal self
c)
Michelle, who has a small discrepancy between her present self and her ideal
self
d)
Eric, whose present self-description is the opposite of his ideal
self-description
e)
It's not possible to tell, because perceptions of present self and ideal self
are unrelated to self-esteem.
132.
Comparing self-esteem among young African Americans with that among young White
Americans, which of the following has been found?
a)
On average, White Americans have higher levels of self-esteem than African
Americans.
b)
On average, White American children and adolescents have higher self-esteem
than African American children and adolescents, but African American adults
have higher self-esteem than White American adults.
c)
On average, African American children and adolescents have higher self-esteem than
White American children and adolescents, but White American adults have higher
self-esteem than African American adults.
d)
On average, African Americans have higher levels of self-esteem than White
Americans.
e)
On average, African Americans and White Americans do not differ in their level
of self-esteem.
133.
Emma's sense of who or what she should be is her
a)
self-ideal.
b)
self-concept.
c)
self-regard.
d)
self-esteem.
e)
self-efficacy.
134.
Which of the following statements about bestowing unconditional positive regard
on children is true?
a)
Unconditional positive regard is to be meted out only when children's behavior
suits or pleases the parents.
b)
Parents should make it clear that the behavior can be bad even when the child
is good.
c)
Parents need to accept every aspect of their children's behavior.
d)
Unconditional positive regard lets children judge themselves according to their
parents' expectations.
e)
Parents need to turn a blind eye toward bad behavior.
135.
Abraham Maslow believed which of the following?
a)
That the drive toward self-actualization shapes the personality
b)
That the human drive toward self-actualization is learned
c)
That most people are not interested in becoming self-actualized
d)
That the majority of humans become fully self-actualized by the time they reach
old age
e)
That very few people are really capable of self-actualization
136.
From a scientific perspective, which positive aspect of humanistic theory is
also its greatest weakness?
a)
Its emphasis on free will
b)
Its development of client-centered therapy
c)
Its emphasis on self-fulfillment
d)
Its focus on self-esteem issues
e)
Its focus on conscious experience
137.
As an introductory exercise in their Social Influences course, college students
are asked to share the answer they provided to the statement, "I am
..." Which student is most likely to be from a collectivistic culture?
a)
Helen, who says, "I am Asian American."
b)
Paul, who says, "I am a computer science major."
c)
Justin, who says, "I am a creative person."
d)
Leah, who says, "I am a woman."
e)
Nolan, who says, "I am a tennis player."
138.
Which of the following countries would be classified as collectivistic?
a)
England
b)
France
c)
Canada
d)
The United States
e)
Japan
139.
Andre is from a collectivistic culture. Compared to his cousin Amy, who is from
an individualistic culture, Andre is more likely to value which of the
following?
a)
His personal accomplishments
b)
His elders
c)
His material possessions
d)
His individual goals
e)
His self-sufficiency
140.
Which of the following statements regarding culture is true?
a)
Most of the world's population lives in individualistic cultures.
b)
Differences in cultural values affect how people define and attain status.
c)
Extremes of individualism can have undesirable outcomes, but extremes of
collectivism generally yield positive outcomes.
d)
One aspect of individualism is placing value on meeting social obligations,
such as returning money found on the street.
e)
A person's mind is only able to operate either on an individualistic basis or
on a collectivist basis, regardless of circumstances.
141.
A culture that emphasizes social roles and obligations is termed
a)
archetypal.
b)
self-actualized.
c)
individualistic.
d)
obligatory.
e)
collectivistic.
142.
Discuss the principles of the humanistic approach to personality.
143.
________ reflects the belief that people's character and mental abilities can
be judged by the patterns of bumps on their skull is called
a)
Psychometrics
b)
Psychophysics
c)
Phrenology
d)
Psychokinesis
e)
Phrenoscopy
144.
Who was known as the leading proponent of phrenology?
a)
Henry Murray
b)
Gordon Allport
c)
Sigmund Freud
d)
Charles Darwin
e)
Franz Joseph Gall
145.
The most widely used method for learning about personality today utilizes
a)
formal personality tests.
b)
case studies.
c)
observational techniques.
d)
experimental studies.
e)
phrenological studies.
146.
In personality testing, self-report personality inventories are also known as
a)
predictive tests.
b)
subjective tests.
c)
projective tests.
d)
intelligence tests.
e)
objective tests.
147.
Which of the following statements is NOT true of objective personality tests?
a)
They use truly objective measures of personality.
b)
They can be scored objectively because the response options are limited.
c)
They rely on people's opinions and judgments.
d)
They are derived from evidence gathered in research studies.
e)
They are used to measure both single and multiple dimensions of personality.
148.
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory was designed to
a)
measure intelligence.
b)
help clinicians diagnose mental disorders.
c)
determine appropriate placements for military personnel.
d)
supplement the 16PF.
e)
measure a single dimension of personality.
149.
For extra credit in her psychology class, Lucretia just took a 567-item
self-report personality inventory administered by a graduate student in
training. The graduate student told Lucretia that the test is the most widely
used self-report personality test in the world. Which test did Lucretia take?
a)
MMPI-2
b)
Rorschach
c)
TAT
d)
WAIS
e)
Internal-External Scale
150.
An item such as "People have noticed that my speech is sometimes pressured
or rushed" is likely to appear on which subscale of the MMPI-2?
a)
Depression
b)
Social Introversion
c)
Hypomania
d)
Hysteria
e)
Paranoia
151.
Which of the following is true about the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory?
a)
It can be used by itself to make a diagnosis.
b)
It compares scores to those of diagnostic groups.
c)
It has a multiple-choice format.
d)
Scores of 50 or higher on a scale are considered clinically elevated or
abnormally high.
e)
It is relatively expensive to administer.
152.
Callie's therapist gives her a projective test. In her testing, Callie will be
expected to respond to
a)
large numbers of multiple-choice questions.
b)
large numbers of true-false questions.
c)
ambiguous or unstructured stimuli.
d)
large numbers of rating scales.
e)
clear stimuli.
153.
The use of projective tests in measuring personality is most consistent with
which perspective on personality?
a)
Humanist
b)
Psychodynamic
c)
Behaviorist
d)
Social-cognitive
e)
Trait
154.
Rorschach developed a famous personality test that uses what kind of stimuli?
a)
Inkblots
b)
Geometric patterns
c)
Ambiguous photographs
d)
Stick figures
e)
Artwork
155.
Jacob and his friends like to lie around on summer days, stare up at the clouds,
and tell each other what they see in the clouds. Their activity is most like
which test of personality?
a)
The Thematic Apperception Test
b)
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
c)
The Rorschach Test
d)
The Internal-External Scale
e)
The Eysenck Personality Inventory
156.
Rorschach Test is to ________ as Thematic Apperception Test is to ________.
a)
ambiguous; clear
b)
ambiguous; unambiguous
c)
pictures; objective statements
d)
inkblots; objective statements
e)
inkblots; pictures
157.
Who developed the Thematic Apperception Test?
a)
Hermann Rorschach
b)
Carl Jung
c)
Sigmund Freud
d)
Henry Murray
e)
Karen Horney
158.
Wanda takes a personality test in which she is required to tell stories in
response to a series of ambiguous pictures. Which test is Wanda taking?
a)
Rorschach Test
b)
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
c)
Eysenck Personality Inventory
d)
Thematic Apperception Test
e)
Internal-External Scale
159.
Which of the following statements is true about the Rorschach Test?
a)
It is easy to score.
b)
There are 20 inkblots.
c)
The inkblots are all black-and-white.
d)
It has questionable reliability and validity.
e)
It is based on Gestalt theory.
160.
Who introduced a comprehensive scoring system for the Rorschach Test?
a)
John Exner
b)
Hermann Rorschach
c)
Henry Murray
d)
Franz Joseph Gall
e)
Hitomi Sasaki
161.
What is meant by stimulus pull?
a)
Items on self-report personality inventories have socially desirable answers.
b)
Certain items on self-report inventories are more likely to be answered
according to their social desirability.
c)
Projective test items contain cues that elicit certain answers.
d)
The projective test material is so attractive that subjects are eager to
participate.
e)
Items on projective tests clearly designate the correct answer.
162.
Discuss the two major categories of personality tests.
163.
Social-cognitive theorists believe that our self-esteem is related to
a)
skills and competencies we have to meet challenges.
b)
our physical appearance.
c)
our marital status.
d)
our familial birth order.
e)
our inherited dispositions.
164.
Kirstin has low self-esteem. In order to raise it, she should do which of the
following?
a)
Choose to excel in tasks that are unfamiliar.
b)
Try to develop a unique skill that cannot be achieved by most people.
c)
Aspire to perfection in whatever she does.
d)
Aim to go beyond her capabilities.
e)
Cultivate goals that are consistent with her strengths and take into account
her weaknesses.
165.
Of the following suggestions for building self-esteem, which is most likely to
have been made by Albert Ellis?
a)
Create a sense of meaningfulness in your life.
b)
Acquire competencies.
c)
Set realistic, achievable goals.
d)
Enhance self-efficacy expectations.
e)
Challenge the need for constant approval.
166.
Most of the skills valued in our society are
a)
irrelevant to the concept of self-esteem.
b)
capable of being achieved by most people.
c)
out of the reach of all but the most talented.
d)
not clearly defined.
e)
academic and athletic.
167.
Define self-esteem, and list six recommendations for building self-esteem.
