Liberty University PHIL 201
Module Week 7 Study
Guide Lesson 20 solutions answers right
Study Guide Lesson 19
Study Guide Lesson 21
Study Guide: Lesson
20
Introduction to Ethics
Lesson Overview:
With
this lesson, we begin our final unit on ethics. Each of us wonders about right
and wrong and how we determine what the morally right action is. We do this on
a personal level, but we also ask questions about larger social issues such as
capital punishment, war, or abortion. Since this is a survey course in
philosophy, we will talk about ethics mostly on a theoretical level and will
not be dealing with specific ethical issues. In this first lesson, we want to
begin with some introductory issues. In the presentation, we will address the
question “Why Be Moral?” and we will see that how we answer that question will
set up the rest of our study in ethics. In the reading, we will address the
relationship between the Bible and ethics.
Tasks:
View
and take notes on the presentation, “Why Be Moral?”
·
What is the question really asking?
·
What is the difference between motive and
justification?
·
Explain the 4 elements of the moral point
of view.
·
What are the 3 general answers to the
question?
·
What are the 3 elements to every moral
event?
·
What question are the ethical theories
attempting to answer?
Read Chapter
1 of Ethics: Approaching Moral Decisions,
“The Moral Revolution.” As you do, consider the following questions and points:
·
How have modern times made ethical
decision-making difficult?
·
According to Holmes, what is the main
difference between ethics and other disciplines like sociology and
anthropology?
·
What are 3 ways the study of ethics can
contributes to biblical morality?
·
What are the 6 ways the Bible contributes
to the study of ethics?
Terms:
Make
sure you can explain the following terms and concepts:
|
·
Motive/Justification Distinction
·
The Moral Point of View
·
The Synderesis Rule
·
Ethics
·
Normative Judgment
·
Consequentialistic Ethics
|
·
Deontological Ethics
·
Aretaic Ethics
·
Casuistry
·
Ethical Theory
·
Moral Dilemma
|
Study Guide: Lesson 19
The Problem of Evil
Lesson Overview:
Throughout the history of religion, the
primary and most challenging argument presented against belief in God has been
the problem of evil. Many philosophers have concluded that belief in an
all-powerful and all-loving God is incompatible with the suffering and evil in
the world. If God is good and loving, then he would want to eliminate suffering
and evil. If God was all-powerful, then he is able to eliminate suffering and
evil. Yet, suffering and evil remain. Therefore, they conclude there must not
be a God. In our final lesson of this unit, we turn to this challenging problem
of evil. We begin by looking at the different types of evil. We then look at
the 2 versions of the problem in detail and offer some responses to them. We
continue with a discussion of horrendous evils and the problem of hell.
Finally, we discuss the issue of divine hiddenness.
Tasks:
View and take notes of the presentation,
“The Problem of Evil.”
·
What is evil? (a working definition)
·
Why is evil a problem for theists?
·
What are some proposed solutions to the
problem?
·
What is gratuitous evil and how do theists
answer that?
Read Chapter 7 of Philosophy of Religion: Thanking about Faith, “The Problem of
Evil.” As you read, make sure you understand and can answer the following
points and questions:
·
Explain the distinction between moral and
natural (or nonmoral) evil.
·
Explain the distinction between the
logical form of the problem and the evidential form.
·
Explain the difference between a theodicy
and a defense.
·
What are 2 inadequate ways of resolving
the problem?
·
What is Mackie’s form of the logical
problem of evil?
·
Explain the “greater good” response to
Mackie’s argument.
·
Explain the “logically impossible”
response to the criticism of the “greater good” argument.
·
How does the existence of certain “second-order
goods” require the possibility of evil?
·
What is the soul-making theodicy and what
are some problems with it?
·
How does the free-will theodicy support
the soul-making theodicy?
·
Explain Mackie’s objection that God could
have created a world where creatures freely choose to always do good.
·
Explain Plantinga’s libertarian free will
response to Mackie’s objection.
·
How is Plantinga’s argument a defense and
not a theodicy?
·
Explain the 3 ways a free-will theodicy
can account for natural evil.
·
Explain why a defense is all one needs to
defeat the logical form of the problem of evil.
·
Contrast the logical form of the problem
with the evidential form of the problem—what is the difference?
·
Explain the evidential problem in terms of
pointless evil.
·
How does CORNEA (aka the cognitive
limitation defense) address the evidential problem?
·
How does one’s belief in the existence of
a benevolent and loving God answer the evidential problem?
·
Explain the balance between faith and
reason in applying the GE Moore shift to the evidential problem.
·
Explain Adams’s theodicy concerning
horrendous evils, why it requires an afterlife to work, and specifically why it
requires universalism.
·
Why is hell a problem?
·
Explain the annihilation solution to the
problem of hell and possible problems with it.
·
Explain the mild-hell solution and how it
is a version of the free will theodicy.
·
What is the main criticism of the “free
will” aspect of the mild-hell solution and how do supporters of the solution
respond to the criticism?
·
What is the problem of divine hiddenness
and how is it an argument for atheism?
·
What are 2 solutions to the problem of
divine hiddenness?
Terms:
Make sure you fully understand the following
terms and concepts:
|
·
Moral evil
·
Natural evil
·
Logical form of the problem
·
Evidential form of the problem
·
Theodicy
·
Defense
·
The Greater-Good Response
·
The Logically Impossible Response
·
Second-Order Good
·
Soul-Making Theodicy
|
·
Free Will Theodicy
·
Transworld depravity
·
CORNEA
·
The Cognitive Limitation Defense
·
G.E. Moore shift
·
Horrendous Evils
·
Universalism
·
Annihilationism
·
The “mild hell” solution
·
Divine Hiddenness
|
Study Guide: Lesson 21
The Challenge to Traditional Ethics:
Cultural Relativism and Emotivism
Lesson Overview:
Before looking at the 3 major ethical theories, we
should first explore and critique 2 challenges to traditional morality. The
first of these is cultural relativism, which says that moral rules or norms
vary from society to society. Therefore, whether a particular act is right or
wrong depends on the society to which we are applying the rule. The second
challenge is emotivism, which argues that moral claims don’t have any cognitive
meaning at all. Instead, they are merely expressions of our feelings. We will
examine both of these challenges, showing that they have severe problems of
their own and should be rejected.
Tasks:
Read Chapters 2 and 3 of Ethics: Approaching Moral Decisions, “Cultural Relativism” and
“Emotivist Ethics.” As you do, consider the following questions and points:
·
Two implications of the Sumner quote.
·
The distinction between descriptive and
normative statements.
·
Problems with the diversity thesis.
·
Problems with the dependency thesis.
·
Problems with ethnocentrism.
·
Holmes’s normative view.
·
The distinction between emotivism and
ethical subjectivism.
·
Explain the 2 philosophical movements that
led to emotivism.
·
Stevenson’s theory of the relation between
facts and attitudes as a defense for emotivism.
·
Holmes’s 3 criticisms of emotivism.
Terms:
Make sure you fully understand the following
terms and concepts:
|
·
Cultural Relativism
·
Diversity Thesis
·
Dependency Thesis
·
Ethnocentrism
·
Emotivism
|
·
Ethical Subjectivism
·
Ethical Intuitionism
·
Logical Positivism
·
Cognitive
·
Non-Cognitive
|
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