Liberty University PHIL 201
Module Week 4 Study
Guide Lesson 12 solutions answers right
Study Guide Lesson 10
Study Guide Lesson 11
Study Guide: Lesson
12
What Is Truth?
Lesson Overview
In
this lesson, we turn our attention to the issue of truth and ask two basic
questions: what is truth? and how do we find it? We discuss whether or not
anything is actually true and then look at traditional ways that truth has been
defined: correspondence, coherentism, and pragmatism. We will examine each of
these theories and how each relates to truth.
Tasks
View
and take notes of the presentation, “What is Truth?”
- Know the
strengths and criticisms of the 3 different truth theories.
- Be able to
answer the criticisms of the correspondence theory.
Read
Chapter 4 of How Do We Know? An
Introduction to Epistemology. As you do, consider the following questions
and points:
- Why
do postmodern anti-realists reject truth claims?
- What
is wrong with the postmodern rejection of truth claims?
- What
are the 4 reasons Dew and Foreman give in favor of making truth claims?
- What
are the differences between a definition of truth and a test for truth?
- Which
theory of truth has enjoyed the most historical support?
- What
is a coherentist theory of truth?
- What
is wrong with coherentism as a theory of truth?
- What
epistemic value does coherentism have in helping us identify truth?
- What
is a pragmatist theory of truth?
- What
is the primary concern for pragmatists?
- What
kinds of epistemological problems does pragmatism face?
- What
does the correspondence theory of truth say about the nature of truth?
- Why
is a correspondence theory of truth thought to be pretheoretic?
- How
is a correspondence theory of truth supported by biblical Christianity?
- How
does the correspondence theory of truth relate to modern science?
- What
value, if any, do coherentism and pragmatism have as tests for truth?
Terms
Make
sure you can explain the following terms and concepts:
|
·
Correspondence Theory
·
Coherence Theory
·
Pragmatic Theory
·
Anti-Realism
·
Postmodern Thought
·
Definitions of Truth
·
Solipsism
|
·
Tests for Truth
·
Web Metaphor
·
Relativism
·
Pragmatism and the Law of Non-Contradiction
·
Pretheoretic Intuitions
|
Study Guide:
Lesson 10
What Is Epistemology? And What Is
Knowledge?
Lesson Overview
With
this lesson, we begin a new unit on epistemology, which is the philosophical
study of knowledge claims. In this first lesson on epistemology, Dew and
Foreman discuss some of the basic issues raised in the study of epistemology
and then discuss the nature of knowledge itself. They consider questions such
as, “What do we mean when we say we know something?” “What exactly is
knowledge?
Tasks
View
and take notes of the presentation, “What is Knowledge?”
- Describe the
3 different ways we use the term know.
- Explain the
traditional definition of knowledge from Plato.
- Know what
each aspect of the traditional definition means.
Read
Chapters 1 (“What is Epistemology?”) and 2 (“What is Knowledge?”) of How Do We Know?” As you do, make sure
you understand the following points and questions:
- What
are the kinds of questions arise in the study of epistemology?
- Know
the kinds of questions that preoccupy epistemologists.
- Know
the basic reasons why the study of epistemology is important.
- What
are the different ways that the word “know” might be used?
- How
did Plato define knowledge?
- Know
the difference between true opinion and knowledge.
- What
are some of the basic problems/concerns with JTB?
- What
is the Gettier Problem?
- What
are some of the common strategies for resolving the Gettier Problem?
- Is
JTB of any value to us after the Gettier Problem?
Terms
Make
sure you can explain the following terms and concepts:
|
·
Epistemology
·
Traditional Definition of Knowledge
·
Justified, True, Belief
·
Gettier Problem
·
Necessary Condition
·
Sufficient Condition
|
·
Knowledge by Acquaintance
·
Knowledge as Competency
·
Propositional Knowledge
·
True Opinion
·
Belief
·
Justification
·
Truth
·
Reliabilist Accounts of Knowledge
|
Study Guide: Lesson 11
Acquiring Knowledge
Lesson Overview
In our introductory lesson in epistemology, we defined
knowledge as “justified true belief.” In our last lesson, we discussed the
“truth” aspect of this definition. In this lesson, we want to examine the
“belief” element. Knowledge begins by adopting beliefs and one question
philosophers have deliberated about for centuries has to do with the source of
our beliefs: where do they come from? That is the subject of our reading and
our presentation. There is some overlap between these, but consider one as
expounding upon the other.
Tasks
View and take notes on the presentation, “How are
Beliefs Acquired?”
·
According to Plato, how do we learn
things?
·
How did Descartes arrive at the existence
of God? Matter?
·
Explain Kant’s combination of empiricism
and rationalism and his radical conclusion.
Read and take notes on Chapter 3 of How Do You Know? A Short Introduction to the
Issues of Epistemology, “Where Does Knowledge Come From?” As you do,
consider the following questions and points:
·
List the 5 sources for knowledge.
·
Explain Plato’s doctrine of the forms and
the 2 worlds, and why Plato was hesitant to build a theory of knowledge on the
physical world.
·
How do we gain true knowledge according to
Plato?
·
Explain Plato’s divided line.
·
What was Descartes searching for and how
did he conduct that search?
·
Why can Descartes be certain about is
existence?
·
What is the distinction between hard and
soft empiricism?
·
How does the epicurean view of reality
affect their epistemology?
·
Contrast the deductive method with Bacon’s
inductive (scientific) method.
·
Explain Locke’s empiricism including his
division of simple and complex ideas.
·
Explain Hume’s radical empiricism
including Hume’s Fork and the conclusion he reaches based on the egocentric
predicament.
·
Why are epistemologists suspicious of
testimony as a source for knowledge?
·
Why is divine revelation an important
source of knowledge about God?
·
Is faith properly understood as a source
of knowledge? Why or why not?
Terms
Make sure you fully understand the following terms and
concepts:
|
·
Rationalism
·
A priori
·
Form
·
World of Being
·
World of Becoming
·
Divided Line
·
Intuition
·
Empiricism
·
Epicureanism
·
Bacon’s Inductive Method
·
Tabula Rasa
·
Simple Idea
·
Complex Idea
|
·
Hume’s Fork
·
Relations of Ideas
·
Matters of Facts
·
Egocentric Predicament
·
Faith
·
Belief
·
Recollection
·
Cogito
Ergo Sum
·
Ontological Argument for God
·
Categories of Understanding
·
Noumena
·
Phenomena
|
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